1.45

[Optimization update]
This update greatly optimizes screen redraws saving system resources and making the system run a LOT smoother through QEMU.

Makefile

@@ -119,4 +119,4 @@ run: $(ISO_IMAGE)
 	qemu-system-x86_64 -m 2G -serial stdio -cdrom $(ISO_IMAGE) -boot d \
 		-audiodev coreaudio,id=audio0 -machine pcspk-audiodev=audio0 \
 		-netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=udp::12345-:12345 -device e1000,netdev=net0 \
-		-vga std -global VGA.xres=1280 -global VGA.yres=800
+		-vga std -global VGA.xres=1920 -global VGA.yres=1080

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Brew OS 1.42 Beta
+# Brew OS 1.45 Beta
 BrewOS is now in a Beta stage as i have brought over all apps from brewkernel and have made the DE a lot more usable and stable.
 
 ## Brewkernel is now BrewOS!

iso_root/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Brew OS 1.42 Beta
+# Brew OS 1.45 Beta
 BrewOS is now in a Beta stage as i have brought over all apps from brewkernel and have made the DE a lot more usable and stable.
 
 ## Brewkernel is now BrewOS!

iso_root/limine.cfg

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-# Timeout in seconds that Limine will wait before automatically booting.
 TIMEOUT=3
 
-# The entry name that will be displayed in the boot menu.
 :BrewOS
-    # We use the Limine boot protocol.
     PROTOCOL=limine
 
-    # Path to the kernel to boot. boot:/// represents the partition on which limine.cfg is located.
     KERNEL_PATH=boot:///brewos.elf
 
     #FRAMEBUFFER_WIDTH=1280

limine.cfg

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-# Timeout in seconds that Limine will wait before automatically booting.
 TIMEOUT=3
 
-# The entry name that will be displayed in the boot menu.
 :BrewOS
-    # We use the Limine boot protocol.
     PROTOCOL=limine
 
-    # Path to the kernel to boot. boot:/// represents the partition on which limine.cfg is located.
     KERNEL_PATH=boot:///brewos.elf
 
     #FRAMEBUFFER_WIDTH=1280

linker.ld

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
-/* Tell the linker that we want an x86_64 ELF64 output file */
 OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf64-x86-64)
 OUTPUT_ARCH(i386:x86-64)
 
-/* We want the symbol _start to be our entry point */
 ENTRY(_start)
 
-/* Define the memory layout for the kernel */
 SECTIONS
 {
-    /* We want to be loaded in the upper half of memory */
     . = 0xffffffff80000000;
 
     .text : {

src/kernel/about.c

@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@ Window win_about;
 #define COLOR_CYAN_LOGO     0xFF368DF7
 
 static void about_paint(Window *win) {
-    // Background
-    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 24, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_LTGRAY);
-    
     int offset_x = win->x + 15;
     int offset_y = win->y + 35;
     
@@ -35,7 +32,7 @@ static void about_paint(Window *win) {
     
     // Version info
     draw_string(offset_x, offset_y + 105, "BrewOS", COLOR_BLACK);
-    draw_string(offset_x, offset_y + 120, "BrewOS Version 1.42", COLOR_BLACK);
+    draw_string(offset_x, offset_y + 120, "BrewOS Version 1.45", COLOR_BLACK);
     draw_string(offset_x, offset_y + 135, "Kernel Version 2.3.1", COLOR_BLACK);
     
     // Copyright

src/kernel/boot.asm

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ _start:
     ; Ensure interrupts are disabled
     cli
     
-    ; Setup stack is handled by Limine, but we can re-align if paranoid
     ; (Limine guarantees 16-byte alignment)
 
     ; Call the C kernel entry point

src/kernel/calculator.c

@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ static void fixed_to_str(long long n, char *buf) {
     }
     frac_buf[f_idx] = 0;
     
-    // If we have a fraction, add it to buffer (reversed first)
     if (f_idx > 0) {
         for (int i = f_idx - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             temp[pos++] = frac_buf[i];
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ static void calculator_click(Window *win, int x, int y) {
             }
             
             update_display(win);
-            wm_paint(); // Request repaint
+            wm_mark_dirty(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h);
             return;
         }
     }

src/kernel/cli_apps/about.c

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 void cli_cmd_brewver(char *args) {
     (void)args;
-    cli_write("BrewOS v1.42 Beta\n");
+    cli_write("BrewOS v1.45 Beta\n");
     cli_write("BrewOS Kernel V2.3.1 Beta\n");
 }

src/kernel/cli_apps/net.c

@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ void cli_cmd_udptest(char *args){
 
 void cli_cmd_msgrc(char *args) {
     (void)args;
-    // Reset message count since we are viewing them
     cmd_reset_msg_count();
 
     FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open("messages", "r");

src/kernel/cmd.c

@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ static void cmd_paint(Window *win) {
     int offset_y = win->y + 24;
     
     // Fill background
-    draw_rect(offset_x, offset_y, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_BLACK);
+    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 24, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_BLACK);
     
     int start_y = offset_y + 4;
     int start_x = offset_x + 4;
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ static void create_test_files(void) {
     fh = fat32_open("README.md", "w");
     if (fh) {
         const char *content = 
-            "# Brew OS 1.40 Beta\n\n"
+            "# Brew OS 1.44 Beta\n\n"
             "BrewOS is now in a Beta stage as i have brought over all apps from brewkernel and have made the DE a lot more usable and stable.\n"
             "## Brewkernel is now BrewOS!\n"
             "Brewkernel will from now on be deprecated as it's core became too messy. I have built a less bloated kernel and wrote a DE above it, which is why it is now an OS instead of a kernel (in my opinion).\n\n"
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ static void create_test_files(void) {
         const char *content = 
             "# All compiled C files in this directory are openable from any other directory by typing in the name of the compiled file by typing in the name of the compiled file.\n\n"            
             "The c file 'wordofgod.c' contains a C program similar to one in TempleOS, which Terry A. Davis (RIP) saw as 'words from god' telling him what to do with his kernel.\n"
-            "I made this file as a tribute to him, as he also inspired me to create this project in '24. If you want to run it you simply do cc (or compc) wordgod.c and then run ./wordgod \n";
+            "I made this file as a tribute to him, as he also inspired me to create this project in '24. If you want to run it you simply do cc (or compc) wordofgod.c and then run ./wordofgod \n";
         fat32_write(fh, (void *)content, cmd_strlen(content));
         fat32_close(fh);
     }    
@@ -1093,16 +1093,16 @@ static void create_test_files(void) {
                 "poke(l+40,\"day \");poke(l+44,\"night \");poke(l+48,\"waters \");poke(l+52,\"firmament \");poke(l+56,\"evening \");poke(l+60,\"morning \");poke(l+64,\"land \");poke(l+68,\"seas \");poke(l+72,\"grass \");poke(l+76,\"herb \");",
                 "poke(l+80,\"seed \");poke(l+84,\"fruit \");poke(l+88,\"tree \");poke(l+92,\"sun \");poke(l+96,\"moon \");poke(l+100,\"stars \");poke(l+104,\"signs \");poke(l+108,\"seasons \");poke(l+112,\"days \");poke(l+116,\"years \");",
                 "poke(l+120,\"creature \");poke(l+124,\"life \");poke(l+128,\"fowl \");poke(l+132,\"whales \");poke(l+136,\"cattle \");poke(l+140,\"creeping \");poke(l+144,\"beast \");poke(l+148,\"man \");poke(l+152,\"image \");poke(l+156,\"likeness \");",
-                "poke(l+160,\"dominion \");poke(l+164,\"fish \");poke(l+168,\"air \");poke(l+172,\"every \");poke(l+176,\"CIA \");poke(l+180,\"meat \");poke(l+184,\"holy \");poke(l+188,\"rest \");poke(l+192,\"dust \");poke(l+196,\"breath \");",
+                "poke(l+160,\"dominion \");poke(l+164,\"fish \");poke(l+168,\"air \");poke(l+172,\"every \");poke(l+176,\"CIA \");poke(l+180,\"Epstein Files \");poke(l+184,\"holy \");poke(l+188,\"rest \");poke(l+192,\"dust \");poke(l+196,\"breath \");",
                 "poke(l+200,\"soul \");poke(l+204,\"garden \");poke(l+208,\"east \");poke(l+212,\"Eden \");poke(l+216,\"ground \");poke(l+220,\"sight \");poke(l+224,\"good \");poke(l+228,\"evil \");poke(l+232,\"river \");poke(l+236,\"gold \");",
                 "poke(l+240,\"stone \");poke(l+244,\"woman \");poke(l+248,\"wife \");poke(l+252,\"flesh \");poke(l+256,\"bone \");poke(l+260,\"naked \");poke(l+264,\"serpent \");poke(l+268,\"subtle \");poke(l+272,\"eat \");poke(l+276,\"eyes \");",
                 "poke(l+280,\"wise \");poke(l+284,\"cool \");poke(l+288,\"voice \");poke(l+292,\"fear \");poke(l+296,\"hid \");poke(l+300,\"cursed \");poke(l+304,\"belly \");poke(l+308,\"enmity \");poke(l+312,\"sorrow \");poke(l+316,\"conception \");",
-                "poke(l+320,\"children \");poke(l+324,\"desire \");poke(l+328,\"husband \");poke(l+332,\"thorns \");poke(l+336,\"thistles \");poke(l+340,\"sweat \");poke(l+344,\"bread \");poke(l+348,\"mother \");poke(l+352,\"skin \");poke(l+356,\"coats \");",
+                "poke(l+320,\"children \");poke(l+324,\"desire \");poke(l+328,\"husband \");poke(l+332,\"lava \");poke(l+336,\"thistles \");poke(l+340,\"sweat \");poke(l+344,\"bread \");poke(l+348,\"mother \");poke(l+352,\"skin \");poke(l+356,\"coats \");",
-                "poke(l+360,\"cherubims \");poke(l+364,\"sword \");poke(l+368,\"gate \");poke(l+372,\"offering \");poke(l+376,\"respect \");poke(l+380,\"sin \");poke(l+384,\"door \");poke(l+388,\"blood \");poke(l+392,\"brother \");poke(l+396,\"keeper \");",
+                "poke(l+360,\"cherubims \");poke(l+364,\"sword \");poke(l+368,\"gate \");poke(l+372,\"offering \");poke(l+376,\"obsidian \");poke(l+380,\"sin \");poke(l+384,\"door \");poke(l+388,\"blood \");poke(l+392,\"brother \");poke(l+396,\"keeper \");",
                 "poke(l+400,\"voice \");poke(l+404,\"heard \");poke(l+408,\"walking \");poke(l+412,\"cool \");poke(l+416,\"day \");poke(l+420,\"where \");poke(l+424,\"art \");poke(l+428,\"thou \");poke(l+432,\"told \");poke(l+436,\"thee \");",
-                "poke(l+440,\"hast \");poke(l+444,\"eaten \");poke(l+448,\"tree \");poke(l+452,\"whereof \");poke(l+456,\"commanded \");poke(l+460,\"shouldest \");poke(l+464,\"not \");poke(l+468,\"eat \");poke(l+472,\"gave \");poke(l+476,\"me \");",
+                "poke(l+440,\"hast \");poke(l+444,\"eaten \");poke(l+448,\"tree \");poke(l+452,\"minecraft \");poke(l+456,\"commanded \");poke(l+460,\"shouldest \");poke(l+464,\"not \");poke(l+468,\"eat \");poke(l+472,\"gave \");poke(l+476,\"me \");",
                 "poke(l+480,\"beguiled \");poke(l+484,\"belly \");poke(l+488,\"go \");poke(l+492,\"dust \");poke(l+496,\"shalt \");poke(l+500,\"eat \");poke(l+504,\"days \");poke(l+508,\"life \");poke(l+512,\"put \");poke(l+516,\"enmity \");",
-                "poke(l+520,\"between \");poke(l+524,\"seed \");poke(l+528,\"bruise \");poke(l+532,\"head \");poke(l+536,\"heel \");poke(l+540,\"multiply \");poke(l+544,\"sorrow \");poke(l+548,\"conception \");poke(l+552,\"forth \");poke(l+556,\"children \");",
+                "poke(l+520,\"between \");poke(l+524,\"seed \");poke(l+528,\"ICE \");poke(l+532,\"Detainment Facility \");poke(l+536,\"heel \");poke(l+540,\"multiply \");poke(l+544,\"sorrow \");poke(l+548,\"conception \");poke(l+552,\"forth \");poke(l+556,\"children \");",
                 "poke(l+560,\"desire \");poke(l+564,\"rule \");poke(l+568,\"over \");poke(l+572,\"sake \");poke(l+576,\"sweat \");poke(l+580,\"face \");poke(l+584,\"till \");poke(l+588,\"return \");poke(l+592,\"ground \");poke(l+596,\"taken \");",
                 "poke(l+600,\"mother \");poke(l+604,\"living \");poke(l+608,\"coats \");poke(l+612,\"skins \");poke(l+616,\"clothed \");poke(l+620,\"become \");poke(l+624,\"one \");poke(l+628,\"us \");poke(l+632,\"know \");poke(l+636,\"good \");",
                 "poke(l+640,\"evil \");poke(l+644,\"lest \");poke(l+648,\"put \");poke(l+652,\"hand \");poke(l+656,\"take \");poke(l+660,\"live \");poke(l+664,\"ever \");poke(l+668,\"sent \");poke(l+672,\"garden \");poke(l+676,\"eden \");",

src/kernel/editor.c

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ static void editor_paint(Window *win) {
     }
     
     // Fill editor background
-    draw_rect(offset_x, offset_y + 30, content_width, content_height - 55, COLOR_WHITE);
+    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 54, win->w - 8, win->h - 58, COLOR_WHITE);
     
     // Calculate available width for text (accounting for line numbers)
     int text_start_x = offset_x + 40;

src/kernel/explorer.h

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 #define EXPLORER_H
 
 #include "wm.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
 
+// External windows references (for opening other apps)
 extern Window win_explorer;
 extern Window win_editor;
 extern Window win_cmd;
@@ -10,27 +12,73 @@ extern Window win_notepad;
 extern Window win_calculator;
 extern Window win_markdown;
 
+#define EXPLORER_MAX_FILES 64
+#define DIALOG_INPUT_MAX 256
+
+typedef struct {
+    char name[256];
+    bool is_directory;
+    uint32_t size;
+    uint32_t color;
+} ExplorerItem;
+
+typedef struct {
+    ExplorerItem items[EXPLORER_MAX_FILES];
+    int item_count;
+    int selected_item;
+    char current_path[256];
+    int last_clicked_item;
+    uint32_t last_click_time;
+    int explorer_scroll_row;
+
+    // Dialog state
+    int dialog_state;
+    char dialog_input[DIALOG_INPUT_MAX];
+    int dialog_input_cursor;
+    char dialog_target_path[256];
+    bool dialog_target_is_dir;
+    char dialog_dest_dir[256];
+    char dialog_creation_path[256];
+    char dialog_move_src[256];
+
+    // Dropdown menu state
+    bool dropdown_menu_visible;
+    
+    // File context menu state
+    bool file_context_menu_visible;
+    int file_context_menu_x;
+    int file_context_menu_y;
+    int file_context_menu_item;
+
+} ExplorerState;
+
 void explorer_init(void);
 void explorer_reset(void);
-void explorer_refresh(void);
+void explorer_open_directory(const char *path); // Creates a NEW window
-void explorer_clear_click_state(void);
 
 // Drag and Drop support
+// This now needs to find WHICH explorer window is under the mouse
 bool explorer_get_file_at(int screen_x, int screen_y, char *out_path, bool *is_dir);
-void explorer_import_file(const char *source_path);
+void explorer_import_file(Window *win, const char *source_path); // To focused or default
-void explorer_import_file_to(const char *source_path, const char *dest_dir);
+void explorer_import_file_to(Window *win, const char *source_path, const char *dest_dir);
+void explorer_refresh(Window *win);
+void explorer_refresh_all(void);
+void explorer_clear_click_state(Window *win);
 
-// Clipboard
+// String Helpers
+size_t explorer_strlen(const char *str);
+void explorer_strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);
+void explorer_strcat(char *dest, const char *src);
+
+// Clipboard (System-wide)
 void explorer_clipboard_copy(const char *path);
 void explorer_clipboard_cut(const char *path);
-void explorer_clipboard_paste(const char *dest_dir);
+void explorer_clipboard_paste(Window *win, const char *dest_dir);
 bool explorer_clipboard_has_content(void);
 
 // File Operations
 bool explorer_delete_permanently(const char *path);
 bool explorer_delete_recursive(const char *path);
-void explorer_create_shortcut(const char *target_path);
+void explorer_create_shortcut(Window *win, const char *target_path);
 
-void explorer_open_directory(const char *path);
+#endif
-
-#endif

src/kernel/fat32.c

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include "fat32.h"
+#include "memory_manager.h"
+#include "io.h"
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
@@ -116,6 +118,9 @@ static void extract_parent_path(const char *path, char *parent) {
 
 // Normalize path (remove .., ., etc)
 void fat32_normalize_path(const char *path, char *normalized) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
+
     char temp[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     int temp_len = 0;
 
@@ -173,6 +178,7 @@ void fat32_normalize_path(const char *path, char *normalized) {
     }
     
     fs_strcpy(normalized, temp);
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
 }
 
 // Find file entry by path
@@ -237,8 +243,10 @@ static bool check_desktop_limit(const char *normalized_path) {
         }
         
         // Count files in /Desktop
-        FAT32_FileInfo info[256]; // Temp buffer
+        FAT32_FileInfo *info = (FAT32_FileInfo*)kmalloc(256 * sizeof(FAT32_FileInfo));
+        if (!info) return true;
         int count = fat32_list_directory("/Desktop", info, 256);
+        kfree(info);
         if (count >= desktop_file_limit) return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -276,6 +284,9 @@ void fat32_set_desktop_limit(int limit) {
 }
 
 FAT32_FileHandle* fat32_open(const char *path, const char *mode) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
+
     char normalized[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     fat32_normalize_path(path, normalized);
     
@@ -284,24 +295,32 @@ FAT32_FileHandle* fat32_open(const char *path, const char *mode) {
     if (mode[0] == 'r') {
         // Read mode
         if (!entry || (entry->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY)) {
+            asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
             return NULL;  // File not found or is directory
         }
     } else if (mode[0] == 'w' || (mode[0] == 'a')) {
         // Write/append mode - create if not exists
         if (!entry) {
             if (!check_desktop_limit(normalized)) {
+                asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
                 return NULL;
             }
             
             entry = find_free_entry();
-            if (!entry) return NULL;
+            if (!entry) {
+                asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+                return NULL;
+            }
             
             entry->used = true;
             fs_strcpy(entry->full_path, normalized);
             extract_filename(normalized, entry->filename);
             extract_parent_path(normalized, entry->parent_path);
             entry->start_cluster = allocate_cluster();
-            if (!entry->start_cluster) return NULL;
+            if (!entry->start_cluster) {
+                asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+                return NULL;
+            }
             entry->size = 0;
             entry->attributes = 0;  // Regular file
         }
@@ -313,7 +332,10 @@ FAT32_FileHandle* fat32_open(const char *path, const char *mode) {
     
     // Find free handle
     FAT32_FileHandle *handle = find_free_handle();
-    if (!handle) return NULL;
+    if (!handle) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+        return NULL;
+    }
     
     handle->valid = true;
     handle->cluster = entry->start_cluster;
@@ -341,17 +363,24 @@ FAT32_FileHandle* fat32_open(const char *path, const char *mode) {
         handle->cluster = current_cluster;
     }
     
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return handle;
 }
 
 void fat32_close(FAT32_FileHandle *handle) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     if (handle) {
         handle->valid = false;
     }
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
 }
 
 int fat32_read(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, void *buffer, int size) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     if (!handle || !handle->valid || handle->mode != 0) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return -1;
     }
     
@@ -388,11 +417,15 @@ int fat32_read(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, void *buffer, int size) {
         }
     }
     
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return bytes_read;
 }
 
 int fat32_write(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, const void *buffer, int size) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     if (!handle || !handle->valid || (handle->mode != 1 && handle->mode != 2)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return -1;
     }
     
@@ -404,7 +437,10 @@ int fat32_write(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, const void *buffer, int size) {
          uint32_t next = fat_table[handle->cluster];
          if (next >= 0xFFFFFFF8) {
              next = allocate_cluster();
-             if (!next) return 0;
+             if (!next) {
+                 asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+                 return 0;
+             }
              fat_table[handle->cluster] = next;
          }
          handle->cluster = next;
@@ -451,11 +487,15 @@ int fat32_write(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, const void *buffer, int size) {
         }
     }
     
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return bytes_written;
 }
 
 int fat32_seek(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, int offset, int whence) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     if (!handle || !handle->valid) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return -1;
     }
     
@@ -474,23 +514,31 @@ int fat32_seek(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, int offset, int whence) {
     }
     
     handle->position = new_position;
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return new_position;
 }
 
 bool fat32_mkdir(const char *path) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     char normalized[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     fat32_normalize_path(path, normalized);
     
     if (find_file(normalized)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return false;  // Already exists
     }
     
     if (!check_desktop_limit(normalized)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return false;
     }
     
     FileEntry *entry = find_free_entry();
-    if (!entry) return false;
+    if (!entry) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+        return false;
+    }
     
     entry->used = true;
     fs_strcpy(entry->full_path, normalized);
@@ -500,43 +548,58 @@ bool fat32_mkdir(const char *path) {
     entry->size = 0;
     entry->attributes = ATTR_DIRECTORY;
     
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return true;
 }
 
 bool fat32_rmdir(const char *path) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     char normalized[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     fat32_normalize_path(path, normalized);
     
     FileEntry *entry = find_file(normalized);
     if (!entry || !(entry->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return false;
     }
     
     entry->used = false;
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return true;
 }
 
 bool fat32_delete(const char *path) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     char normalized[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     fat32_normalize_path(path, normalized);
     
     FileEntry *entry = find_file(normalized);
     if (!entry || (entry->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return false;
     }
     
     entry->used = false;
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return true;
 }
 
 bool fat32_exists(const char *path) {
-    return find_file(path) != NULL;
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
+    bool res = find_file(path) != NULL;
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+    return res;
 }
 
 bool fat32_rename(const char *old_path, const char *new_path) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     FileEntry *entry = find_file(old_path);
-    if (!entry) return false;
+    if (!entry) { asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags)); return false; }
-    if (find_file(new_path)) return false; // Destination exists
+    if (find_file(new_path)) { asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags)); return false; } // Destination exists
 
     int old_len = fs_strlen(old_path);
 
@@ -572,20 +635,28 @@ bool fat32_rename(const char *old_path, const char *new_path) {
             fs_strcat(files[i].parent_path, suffix);
         }
     }
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return true;
 }
 
 bool fat32_is_directory(const char *path) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     FileEntry *entry = find_file(path);
-    return entry && (entry->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY);
+    bool res = entry && (entry->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY);
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+    return res;
 }
 
 int fat32_list_directory(const char *path, FAT32_FileInfo *entries, int max_entries) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     char normalized[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     fat32_normalize_path(path, normalized);
     
     FileEntry *dir = find_file(normalized);
     if (!dir || !(dir->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return 0;  // Not a directory
     }
     
@@ -600,23 +671,30 @@ int fat32_list_directory(const char *path, FAT32_FileInfo *entries, int max_entr
         }
     }
     
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return count;
 }
 
 bool fat32_chdir(const char *path) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     char normalized[FAT32_MAX_PATH];
     fat32_normalize_path(path, normalized);
     
     FileEntry *entry = find_file(normalized);
     if (!entry || !(entry->attributes & ATTR_DIRECTORY)) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return false;
     }
     
     fs_strcpy(current_dir, normalized);
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return true;
 }
 
 void fat32_get_current_dir(char *buffer, int size) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     int len = fs_strlen(current_dir);
     if (len >= size) len = size - 1;
     
@@ -624,4 +702,5 @@ void fat32_get_current_dir(char *buffer, int size) {
         buffer[i] = current_dir[i];
     }
     buffer[len] = 0;
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
 }

src/kernel/font.h

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 // Minimal 8x8 font for ASCII 32-127
-// Derived from standard VGA font
 static const uint8_t font8x8_basic[128][8] = {
     // 0-31 Control chars (empty)
     {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0}, {0},

src/kernel/graphics.c

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include "graphics.h"
 #include "font.h"
+#include "io.h"
 
 static struct limine_framebuffer *g_fb = NULL;
 static uint32_t g_bg_color = 0xFF696969;  // Dark gray background
@@ -69,6 +70,9 @@ static void merge_dirty_rect(int x, int y, int w, int h) {
 }
 
 void graphics_mark_dirty(int x, int y, int w, int h) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
+
     // Clamp to screen bounds
     if (x < 0) {
         w += x;
@@ -85,9 +89,13 @@ void graphics_mark_dirty(int x, int y, int w, int h) {
         h = get_screen_height() - y;
     }
     
-    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) return;
+    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
+        return;
+    }
     
     merge_dirty_rect(x, y, w, h);
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
 }
 
 void graphics_mark_screen_dirty(void) {
@@ -103,7 +111,10 @@ DirtyRect graphics_get_dirty_rect(void) {
 }
 
 void graphics_clear_dirty(void) {
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
     g_dirty.active = false;
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
 }
 
 void put_pixel(int x, int y, uint32_t color) {
@@ -123,9 +134,29 @@ void put_pixel(int x, int y, uint32_t color) {
 }
 
 void draw_rect(int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t color) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+    if (!g_fb) return;
-        for (int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+
-            put_pixel(x + j, y + i, color);
+    int x1 = x, y1 = y, x2 = x + w, y2 = y + h;
+    
+    if (g_clip_enabled) {
+        if (x1 < g_clip_x) x1 = g_clip_x;
+        if (y1 < g_clip_y) y1 = g_clip_y;
+        if (x2 > g_clip_x + g_clip_w) x2 = g_clip_x + g_clip_w;
+        if (y2 > g_clip_y + g_clip_h) y2 = g_clip_y + g_clip_h;
+    }
+
+    if (x1 < 0) x1 = 0;
+    if (y1 < 0) y1 = 0;
+    if (x2 > (int)g_fb->width) x2 = g_fb->width;
+    if (y2 > (int)g_fb->height) y2 = g_fb->height;
+
+    if (x1 >= x2 || y1 >= y2) return;
+
+    for (int i = y1; i < y2; i++) {
+        uint32_t *row = &g_back_buffer[i * g_fb->width + x1];
+        int len = x2 - x1;
+        for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
+            row[j] = color;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -133,6 +164,15 @@ void draw_rect(int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t color) {
 void draw_char(int x, int y, char c, uint32_t color) {
     unsigned char uc = (unsigned char)c;
     if (uc > 127) return;
+
+    // Fast rejection: if the character is entirely outside the clipping/dirty rect, skip it
+    if (g_clip_enabled) {
+        if (x + 8 <= g_clip_x || x >= g_clip_x + g_clip_w ||
+            y + 8 <= g_clip_y || y >= g_clip_y + g_clip_h) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
     const uint8_t *glyph = font8x8_basic[uc];
 
     for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
@@ -163,13 +203,18 @@ void draw_desktop_background(void) {
     if (!g_fb) return;
     
     if (g_use_pattern) {
-        // Draw tiled pattern
+        // Optimized tiled pattern: only draw within the clipping/dirty rect
-        for (int y = 0; y < (int)g_fb->height; y++) {
+        int x1 = 0, y1 = 0, x2 = g_fb->width, y2 = g_fb->height;
-            for (int x = 0; x < (int)g_fb->width; x++) {
+        if (g_clip_enabled) {
-                int px = x % PATTERN_SIZE;
+            x1 = g_clip_x; y1 = g_clip_y;
-                int py = y % PATTERN_SIZE;
+            x2 = g_clip_x + g_clip_w; y2 = g_clip_y + g_clip_h;
-                uint32_t color = g_bg_pattern[py * PATTERN_SIZE + px];
+        }
-                put_pixel(x, y, color);
+
+        for (int y = y1; y < y2; y++) {
+            uint32_t *row = &g_back_buffer[y * g_fb->width + x1];
+            int py = y % PATTERN_SIZE;
+            for (int x = x1; x < x2; x++) {
+                *row++ = g_bg_pattern[py * PATTERN_SIZE + (x % PATTERN_SIZE)];
             }
         }
     } else {
@@ -203,20 +248,27 @@ void graphics_clear_back_buffer(uint32_t color) {
 }
 
 void graphics_flip_buffer(void) {
-    if (!g_fb) return;
+    if (!g_fb || !g_dirty.active) return;
-    
+
-    // Copy back buffer to framebuffer
+    int x = g_dirty.x;
-    uint32_t *src = g_back_buffer;
+    int y = g_dirty.y;
-    uint8_t *dst = (uint8_t *)g_fb->address;
+    int w = g_dirty.w;
-    
+    int h = g_dirty.h;
-    for (int y = 0; y < (int)g_fb->height; y++) {
+
-        // Copy one scanline
+    if (x < 0) { w += x; x = 0; }
-        uint32_t *dst_row = (uint32_t *)dst;
+    if (y < 0) { h += y; y = 0; }
-        for (int x = 0; x < (int)g_fb->width; x++) {
+    if (x + w > (int)g_fb->width) w = g_fb->width - x;
-            dst_row[x] = src[x];
+    if (y + h > (int)g_fb->height) h = g_fb->height - y;
+
+    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) return;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+        int curr_y = y + i;
+        uint32_t *src_row = &g_back_buffer[curr_y * g_fb->width + x];
+        uint32_t *dst_row = (uint32_t *)((uint8_t *)g_fb->address + curr_y * g_fb->pitch) + x;
+        for (int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+            dst_row[j] = src_row[j];
         }
-        src += g_fb->width;
-        dst += g_fb->pitch;
     }
 }
 

src/kernel/interrupts.asm

@@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ send_eoi:
     push rax
     mov al, 0x20
     out 0x20, al ; Master PIC
-    ; If IRQ > 7, send to Slave too (Mouse is IRQ 12)
+
-    ; We'll handle this in the specific wrappers or C code.
-    ; Actually, simpler to do EOI in C or here.
-    ; Let's just do it in C.
     pop rax
     ret
 

src/kernel/markdown.c

@@ -116,10 +116,6 @@ static void md_parse_line(const char *raw_line, char *output, MDLineType *type,
         *type = MD_LINE_BLOCKQUOTE;
         i++;
         if (raw_line[i] == ' ') i++;
-    } else if (raw_line[i] == '`') {
-        // Code block
-        *type = MD_LINE_CODE;
-        i++;
     }
     
     // Parse inline formatting and copy content
@@ -215,26 +211,36 @@ void markdown_open_file(const char *filename) {
     int line = 0;
     int col = 0;
     char raw_line[256] = "";
+    bool in_code_block = false;
     
     for (int i = 0; i < bytes_read && line < MD_MAX_LINES; i++) {
         char ch = buffer[i];
         
         if (ch == '\n') {
             raw_line[col] = 0;
-            
+
-            // Parse the raw line
+            if (raw_line[0] == '`' && raw_line[1] == '`' && raw_line[2] == '`') {
-            char parsed_content[256];
+                in_code_block = !in_code_block;
-            MDLineType type;
+            } else {
-            int indent;
+                if (in_code_block) {
-            md_parse_line(raw_line, parsed_content, &type, &indent);
+                    md_strcpy(lines[line].content, raw_line);
-            
+                    lines[line].length = md_strlen(raw_line);
-            // Store parsed line
+                    lines[line].type = MD_LINE_CODE;
-            md_strcpy(lines[line].content, parsed_content);
+                    lines[line].indent_level = 0;
-            lines[line].length = md_strlen(parsed_content);
+                    line++;
-            lines[line].type = type;
+                } else {
-            lines[line].indent_level = indent;
+                    char parsed_content[256];
-            
+                    MDLineType type;
-            line++;
+                    int indent;
+                    md_parse_line(raw_line, parsed_content, &type, &indent);
+                    md_strcpy(lines[line].content, parsed_content);
+                    lines[line].length = md_strlen(parsed_content);
+                    lines[line].type = type;
+                    lines[line].indent_level = indent;
+                    line++;
+                }
+            }
+
             col = 0;
             raw_line[0] = 0;
         } else if (col < 255) {
@@ -245,16 +251,24 @@ void markdown_open_file(const char *filename) {
     // Handle last line if no trailing newline
     if (col > 0 && line < MD_MAX_LINES) {
         raw_line[col] = 0;
-        char parsed_content[256];
+        if (raw_line[0] == '`' && raw_line[1] == '`' && raw_line[2] == '`') {
-        MDLineType type;
+        } else if (in_code_block) {
-        int indent;
+            md_strcpy(lines[line].content, raw_line);
-        md_parse_line(raw_line, parsed_content, &type, &indent);
+            lines[line].length = md_strlen(raw_line);
-        
+            lines[line].type = MD_LINE_CODE;
-        md_strcpy(lines[line].content, parsed_content);
+            lines[line].indent_level = 0;
-        lines[line].length = md_strlen(parsed_content);
+            line++;
-        lines[line].type = type;
+        } else {
-        lines[line].indent_level = indent;
+            char parsed_content[256];
-        line++;
+            MDLineType type;
+            int indent;
+            md_parse_line(raw_line, parsed_content, &type, &indent);
+            md_strcpy(lines[line].content, parsed_content);
+            lines[line].length = md_strlen(parsed_content);
+            lines[line].type = type;
+            lines[line].indent_level = indent;
+            line++;
+        }
     }
     
     line_count = line;
@@ -293,7 +307,7 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
     int max_display_lines = usable_content_height / MD_LINE_HEIGHT;
     
     // Draw content background
-    draw_rect(offset_x, content_start_y, content_width - 20, usable_content_height, COLOR_WHITE);
+    draw_rect(win->x + 4, content_start_y, win->w - 24, usable_content_height, COLOR_WHITE);
     
 
     
@@ -331,7 +345,7 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
                 text_color = 0xFF808080;  // Gray
                 break;
             case MD_LINE_CODE:
-                text_color = 0xFF800000;  // Dark red
+                text_color = COLOR_WHITE;
                 break;
             default:
                 text_color = COLOR_BLACK;
@@ -371,7 +385,6 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
             }
             line_segment[segment_len] = 0;
             
-            // Word-based wrapping: if we didn't reach end of string, find last space
             if (char_idx < text_len && segment_len > 0) {
                 // Look for the last space in the segment
                 int last_space = -1;
@@ -382,7 +395,6 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
                     }
                 }
                 
-                // If we found a space, break there
                 if (last_space > 0) {
                     segment_len = last_space;
                     line_segment[segment_len] = 0;
@@ -395,6 +407,10 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
                 }
             }
             
+            if (line->type == MD_LINE_CODE && segment_len > 0) {
+                draw_rect(x_offset - 2, line_y - 2, (segment_len * MD_CHAR_WIDTH) + 4, 12, COLOR_BLACK);
+            }
+
             // Draw special elements for first wrapped line of this markdown line
             if (local_display_line == 0) {
                 switch (line->type) {
@@ -414,10 +430,6 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
                         // Draw left border
                         draw_rect(x_offset - 4, line_y, 2, line_height, 0xFF404080);
                         break;
-                    case MD_LINE_CODE:
-                        // Draw background for code
-                        draw_rect(x_offset - 2, line_y, (max_chars_per_line * MD_CHAR_WIDTH) + 4, line_height, 0xFFF0F0F0);
-                        break;
                     default:
                         break;
                 }
@@ -438,8 +450,7 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
             if (char_idx >= text_len) break;
         }
         
-        // Move display line forward by the actual number of wrapped lines created
+
-        // Each wrapped line uses one MD_LINE_HEIGHT worth of space
         display_line += wrapped_line_count;
         
         i++;
@@ -451,8 +462,7 @@ static void md_paint(Window *win) {
 static void md_handle_key(Window *win, char c) {
     (void)win;  // Suppress unused warning
     
-    // Handle scrolling with arrow keys and W/S
+
-    // 17 = UP arrow, 18 = DOWN arrow (from ps2 keyboard mapping)
     if (c == 'w' || c == 'W' || c == 17) {  // Page up or UP arrow
         scroll_top -= 3;
         if (scroll_top < 0) scroll_top = 0;

src/kernel/memory_manager.c

@@ -148,23 +148,30 @@ void* kmalloc(size_t size) {
         memory_manager_init();
     }
     
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
+
     if (size == 0 || size > memory_pool_size) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return NULL;
     }
     
     // Check if we can allocate
     if (total_allocated + size > memory_pool_size) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return NULL;
     }
     
     // Find free space
     void *ptr = find_free_space(size);
     if (ptr == NULL) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return NULL;
     }
     
     // Add block entry
     if (block_count >= MAX_ALLOCATIONS) {
+        asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
         return NULL;
     }
     
@@ -185,6 +192,7 @@ void* kmalloc(size_t size) {
     // Clear memory
     mem_memset(ptr, 0, size);
     
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
     return ptr;
 }
 
@@ -193,6 +201,9 @@ void kfree(void *ptr) {
         return;
     }
     
+    uint64_t rflags;
+    asm volatile("pushfq; pop %0; cli" : "=r"(rflags));
+
     // Find and free the block
     for (int i = 0; i < block_count; i++) {
         if (block_list[i].allocated && block_list[i].address == ptr) {
@@ -204,9 +215,11 @@ void kfree(void *ptr) {
                 block_list[j] = block_list[j + 1];
             }
             block_count--;
+            asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
             return;
         }
     }
+    asm volatile("push %0; popfq" : : "r"(rflags));
 }
 
 void* krealloc(void *ptr, size_t new_size) {

src/kernel/minesweeper.c

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ static void minesweeper_right_click(Window *win, int x, int y) {
         int cell_y = (y - grid_start_y) / CELL_SIZE;
         
         flag_cell(cell_x, cell_y);
-        wm_paint();
+        wm_mark_dirty(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h);
     }
 }
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ static void minesweeper_click(Window *win, int x, int y) {
     if (x >= grid_start_x && x < grid_start_x + 90 &&
         y >= btn_y && y < btn_y + 24) {
         init_game();
-        wm_paint();
+        wm_mark_dirty(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h);
         return;
     }
     
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ static void minesweeper_click(Window *win, int x, int y) {
         
         reveal_cell(cell_x, cell_y);
         
-        wm_paint();
+        wm_mark_dirty(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h);
     }
 }
 

src/kernel/notepad.c

@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ static void notepad_ensure_cursor_visible(Window *win) {
 }
 
 static void notepad_paint(Window *win) {
+    // Explicitly draw white background for text
+    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 24, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_WHITE);
+
     int visual_line = 0; 
     int current_x = win->x + 8;
     int current_y = win->y + 30;

src/kernel/paint.c

@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ static void paint_strcpy(char *dest, const char *src) {
 }
 
 static void paint_paint(Window *win) {
-    // Background
-    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 24, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_LTGRAY);
-    
     // Toolbar area
     draw_rect(win->x + 10, win->y + 30, 40, win->h - 40, COLOR_GRAY);
     draw_bevel_rect(win->x + 10, win->y + 30, 40, win->h - 40, true);

src/kernel/tcp.c

@@ -195,7 +195,6 @@ void tcp_close(tcp_socket_t *sock) {
 
 int tcp_read(tcp_socket_t *sock, char *buffer, int max_len) {
     if (!sock) return 0;
-    // Simple copy of what we have
     int count = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < sock->rx_pos && i < max_len; i++) {
         buffer[i] = sock->rx_buffer[i];

src/kernel/wm.c

@@ -51,16 +51,17 @@ static int drag_offset_x = 0;
 static int drag_offset_y = 0;
 
 // File Dragging State
-static bool is_dragging_file = false;
+bool is_dragging_file = false;
 static char drag_file_path[256];
 static int drag_icon_type = 0; // 0=File, 1=Folder, 2=App
 static int drag_start_x = 0;
 static int drag_start_y = 0;
 static int drag_icon_orig_x = 0;
 static int drag_icon_orig_y = 0;
+static Window *drag_src_win = NULL;
 
 // Windows array for z-order management
-static Window *all_windows[10];
+static Window *all_windows[32];
 static int window_count = 0;
 
 // Redraw system
@@ -79,7 +80,6 @@ typedef struct {
     char name[64];
     int x, y;
     int type; // 0=File, 1=Folder, 2=App
-    bool selected;
 } DesktopIcon;
 
 static DesktopIcon desktop_icons[MAX_DESKTOP_ICONS];
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ static int desktop_icon_count = 0;
 // Desktop Settings
 bool desktop_snap_to_grid = true;
 bool desktop_auto_align = true;
-int desktop_max_rows_per_col = 9;
+int desktop_max_rows_per_col = 13;
-int desktop_max_cols = 15;
+int desktop_max_cols = 23;
 
 // Helper to check if string ends with suffix
 static bool str_ends_with(const char *str, const char *suffix) {
@@ -165,8 +165,6 @@ static void refresh_desktop_icons(void) {
             if (files[i].is_directory) dest->type = 1;
             else if (str_ends_with(dest->name, ".shortcut")) dest->type = 2;
             else dest->type = 0;
-
-            dest->selected = false;
             dest->x = -1; // Mark as new for layout
             dest->y = -1;
             
@@ -276,49 +274,55 @@ void wm_show_message(const char *title, const char *message) {
 }
 
 static void draw_icon_label(int x, int y, const char *label) {
-    char line1[10] = {0};
+    char line1[11] = {0}; // 10 chars + null
-    char line2[10] = {0};
+    char line2[11] = {0}; // 10 chars + null
     int len = 0; while(label[len]) len++;
     
-    if (len <= 8) {
+    if (len <= 10) {
-        int i=0; while(i<len) { line1[i] = label[i]; i++; }
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) line1[i] = label[i];
-        line1[i] = 0;
     } else {
-        int split = 8;
+        // Dot-based wrap: keep extension together if prefix fits
-        // Smart wrap: look for separator in first 8 chars (backwards)
+        int dot_pos = -1;
-        // Prioritize keeping extension together (e.g. SEVENCH.MD -> split at 7)
+        for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-        int best_split = -1;
+            if (label[i] == '.') { dot_pos = i; break; }
-        for (int i = 7; i >= 1; i--) {
+        }
-            if (label[i] == ' ' || label[i] == '.') {
+
-                best_split = i;
+        int split = -1;
-                break;
+        if (dot_pos != -1 && dot_pos > 0 && dot_pos <= 10) {
+            split = dot_pos;
+        } else {
+            // Word-based wrap: look for space in the first 11 characters
+            for (int i = 10; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (label[i] == ' ') {
+                    split = i;
+                    break;
+                }
             }
         }
-        
+
-        if (best_split != -1) {
+        if (split != -1) {
-            split = best_split;
+            for (int i = 0; i < split; i++) line1[i] = label[i];
-        }
+            int start2 = (label[split] == ' ') ? split + 1 : split;
-        
+            int j = 0;
-        // Copy line 1
+            while (label[start2 + j] && j < 10) {
-        int i;
+                line2[j] = label[start2 + j];
-        for (i = 0; i < split; i++) line1[i] = label[i];
+                j++;
-        line1[i] = 0;
+            }
-        
+            if (label[start2 + j] != 0) {
-        // Copy line 2
+                int t = (j > 8) ? 8 : j;
-        int start2 = split;
+                line2[t] = '.'; line2[t+1] = '.'; line2[t+2] = 0;
-        if (label[split] == ' ') start2++; // Skip space at start of line 2
+            }
-        
+        } else {
-        int j = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) line1[i] = label[i];
-        while (label[start2 + j] && j < 8) {
+            int j = 0;
-            line2[j] = label[start2 + j];
+            while (label[10 + j] && j < 10) {
-            j++;
+                line2[j] = label[10 + j];
-        }
+                j++;
-        line2[j] = 0;
+            }
-        
+            if (label[10 + j] != 0) {
-        // Truncate with .. if longer than 16 (or if line 2 overflows)
+                int t = (j > 8) ? 8 : j;
-        if (label[start2 + j] != 0) {
+                line2[t] = '.'; line2[t+1] = '.'; line2[t+2] = 0;
-            if (j > 6) { line2[6] = '.'; line2[7] = '.'; line2[8] = 0; }
+            }
-            else { line2[j++] = '.'; line2[j++] = '.'; line2[j] = 0; }
         }
     }
     
@@ -338,7 +342,6 @@ static void draw_icon_label(int x, int y, const char *label) {
 
 // --- Drawing Helpers ---
 
-// Draw a bevelled box (Win 3.1 style)
 void draw_bevel_rect(int x, int y, int w, int h, bool sunken) {
     draw_rect(x, y, w, h, COLOR_GRAY);
     
@@ -377,16 +380,14 @@ void draw_coffee_cup(int x, int y, int size) {
     draw_rect(x + cup_w - 2, y + 2, 1, cup_h - 3, COLOR_BLACK);  // Right
     draw_rect(x + 1, y + cup_h - 1, cup_w - 2, 1, COLOR_BLACK);  // Bottom
     
-    // Rounded bottom corners
     draw_rect(x + 1, y + cup_h - 1, 1, 1, COLOR_LTGRAY);
     draw_rect(x + cup_w - 2, y + cup_h - 1, 1, 1, COLOR_LTGRAY);
     
-    // Handle - much bigger (on the right side, pointing inward)
     draw_rect(x + cup_w, y + 3, 2, 8, COLOR_BLACK);
     draw_rect(x + cup_w - 2, y + 3, 2, 1, COLOR_BLACK);
     draw_rect(x + cup_w - 2, y + 10, 2, 1, COLOR_BLACK);
     
-    // Coffee liquid inside - rainbow Apple logo stripes (blue, green, yellow, red, purple, blue)
+
     int stripe_height = (cup_h - 5) / 6;
     int coffee_y = y + 4;
     draw_rect(x + 2, coffee_y, cup_w - 4, stripe_height, COLOR_APPLE_BLUE);
@@ -601,7 +602,7 @@ void draw_window(Window *win) {
     draw_button(win->x + win->w - 20, win->y + 5, 14, 14, "X", false);
     
     // Client Area
-    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 24, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_WHITE);
+    draw_rect(win->x + 4, win->y + 24, win->w - 8, win->h - 28, COLOR_LTGRAY);
     
     if (win->paint) {
         win->paint(win);
@@ -696,17 +697,26 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
     int sw = get_screen_width();
     int sh = get_screen_height();
     
-    // First, erase the old cursor (before redrawing anything)
+
-    if (cursor_visible) {
+    DirtyRect dirty = graphics_get_dirty_rect();
-        erase_cursor(last_cursor_x, last_cursor_y);
+    if (dirty.active) {
+        graphics_set_clipping(dirty.x, dirty.y, dirty.w, dirty.h);
+    } else {
+        graphics_clear_clipping();
     }
-    
+
     // 1. Desktop
     draw_desktop_background();
     
     // Draw Desktop Icons
     for (int i = 0; i < desktop_icon_count; i++) {
         DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[i];
+        if (dirty.active) {
+            if (icon->x + 80 <= dirty.x || icon->x >= dirty.x + dirty.w ||
+                icon->y + 80 <= dirty.y || icon->y >= dirty.y + dirty.h) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
         if (icon->type == 1) draw_folder_icon(icon->x, icon->y, icon->name);
         else if (icon->type == 2) {
             // App icon - strip .app for display
@@ -734,14 +744,17 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
             else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, ".md")) {
                 draw_document_icon(icon->x, icon->y, icon->name);
                 draw_string(icon->x + 31, icon->y + 2, "MD", COLOR_BLACK);
+            } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, ".c") || str_ends_with(icon->name, ".C")) {
+                draw_document_icon(icon->x, icon->y, icon->name);
+                draw_string(icon->x + 31, icon->y + 2, "C", COLOR_APPLE_BLUE);
             }
             else draw_document_icon(icon->x, icon->y, icon->name);
         }
     }
     
     // 3. Windows - sort by z-index and draw
-    // Simple bubble sort by z-index (5 windows max)
+    // Simple bubble sort by z-index
-    Window *sorted_windows[6];
+    Window *sorted_windows[32];
     for (int i = 0; i < window_count; i++) {
         sorted_windows[i] = all_windows[i];
     }
@@ -758,7 +771,15 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
     
     // Draw windows in z-order (lowest first)
     for (int i = 0; i < window_count; i++) {
-        draw_window(sorted_windows[i]);
+        Window *win = sorted_windows[i];
+        if (!win->visible) continue;
+        if (dirty.active) {
+            if (win->x + win->w <= dirty.x || win->x >= dirty.x + dirty.w ||
+                win->y + win->h <= dirty.y || win->y >= dirty.y + dirty.h) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        draw_window(win);
     }
     
     // 4. Taskbar
@@ -803,30 +824,32 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
     // Desktop Context Menu
     if (desktop_menu_visible) {
         int menu_w = 140;
-        int menu_h = 125; // 5 items * 25
+        int item_h = 25;
+        int menu_h = (desktop_menu_target_icon != -1) ? 125 : 75;
         
         draw_rect(desktop_menu_x, desktop_menu_y, menu_w, menu_h, COLOR_LTGRAY);
         draw_bevel_rect(desktop_menu_x, desktop_menu_y, menu_w, menu_h, true);
         
-        bool can_cut_copy = (desktop_menu_target_icon != -1);
-        bool can_paste = explorer_clipboard_has_content();
-        
-        // If target is a file (not folder), paste is disabled
         if (desktop_menu_target_icon != -1) {
+            bool can_paste = explorer_clipboard_has_content();
             DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[desktop_menu_target_icon];
             if (icon->type != 1) can_paste = false; // 1 is folder
+            
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5, "Cut", COLOR_BLACK);
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h, "Copy", COLOR_BLACK);
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 2, "Paste", can_paste ? COLOR_BLACK : COLOR_DKGRAY);
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 3, "Delete", COLOR_RED);
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 4, "Rename", COLOR_BLACK);
+        } else {
+            bool can_paste = explorer_clipboard_has_content();
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5, "New File", COLOR_BLACK);
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h, "New Folder", COLOR_BLACK);
+            draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 2, "Paste", can_paste ? COLOR_BLACK : COLOR_DKGRAY);
         }
-        
-        int item_h = 25;
-        draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5, "Cut", can_cut_copy ? COLOR_BLACK : COLOR_DKGRAY);
-        draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h, "Copy", can_cut_copy ? COLOR_BLACK : COLOR_DKGRAY);
-        draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 2, "Paste", can_paste ? COLOR_BLACK : COLOR_DKGRAY);
-        draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 3, "Delete", can_cut_copy ? COLOR_RED : COLOR_DKGRAY);
-        draw_string(desktop_menu_x + 5, desktop_menu_y + 5 + item_h * 4, "Rename", can_cut_copy ? COLOR_BLACK : COLOR_DKGRAY);
     }
 
-    // Desktop Rename Dialog
+    // Desktop Dialogs
-    if (desktop_dialog_state == 8) {
+    if (desktop_dialog_state != 0) {
         int dlg_w = 300; int dlg_h = 110;
         int dlg_x = (sw - dlg_w) / 2;
         int dlg_y = (sh - dlg_h) / 2;
@@ -834,13 +857,18 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
         draw_rect(dlg_x - 5, dlg_y - 5, dlg_w + 10, dlg_h + 10, COLOR_LTGRAY);
         draw_bevel_rect(dlg_x, dlg_y, dlg_w, dlg_h, true);
         
-        draw_string(dlg_x + 10, dlg_y + 10, "Rename", COLOR_BLACK);
+        const char *title = "Rename";
+        const char *btn_text = "Rename";
+        if (desktop_dialog_state == 1) { title = "Create New File"; btn_text = "Create"; }
+        else if (desktop_dialog_state == 2) { title = "Create New Folder"; btn_text = "Create"; }
+        
+        draw_string(dlg_x + 10, dlg_y + 10, title, COLOR_BLACK);
         draw_bevel_rect(dlg_x + 10, dlg_y + 35, 280, 20, false);
         draw_string(dlg_x + 15, dlg_y + 40, desktop_dialog_input, COLOR_BLACK);
         // Cursor
         draw_rect(dlg_x + 15 + desktop_dialog_cursor * 8, dlg_y + 39, 2, 12, COLOR_BLACK);
         
-        draw_button(dlg_x + 50, dlg_y + 65, 80, 25, "Rename", false);
+        draw_button(dlg_x + 50, dlg_y + 65, 80, 25, btn_text, false);
         draw_button(dlg_x + 170, dlg_y + 65, 80, 25, "Cancel", false);
     }
     
@@ -888,7 +916,7 @@ bool rect_contains(int x, int y, int w, int h, int px, int py) {
     return px >= x && px < x + w && py >= y && py < y + h;
 }
 
-static void wm_bring_to_front(Window *win) {
+void wm_bring_to_front(Window *win) {
     // Clear focus from all windows
     for (int i = 0; i < window_count; i++) {
         all_windows[i]->focused = false;
@@ -903,6 +931,13 @@ static void wm_bring_to_front(Window *win) {
     win->visible = true;
     win->focused = true;
     win->z_index = max_z + 1;
+    force_redraw = true;
+}
+
+void wm_add_window(Window *win) {
+    if (window_count < 32) {
+        all_windows[window_count++] = win;
+    }
 }
 
 void wm_handle_click(int x, int y) {
@@ -924,7 +959,8 @@ void wm_handle_click(int x, int y) {
     // Handle Desktop Context Menu Click
     if (desktop_menu_visible) {
         int menu_w = 140;
-        int menu_h = 125;
+        int menu_h = (desktop_menu_target_icon != -1) ? 125 : 75;
+        
         if (rect_contains(desktop_menu_x, desktop_menu_y, menu_w, menu_h, x, y)) {
             int rel_y = y - desktop_menu_y;
             int item = rel_y / 25;
@@ -939,6 +975,14 @@ void wm_handle_click(int x, int y) {
                 char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
                 int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
                 explorer_clipboard_copy(path);
+            } else if (item == 0 && desktop_menu_target_icon == -1) { // New File
+                desktop_dialog_state = 1;
+                desktop_dialog_input[0] = 0;
+                desktop_dialog_cursor = 0;
+            } else if (item == 1 && desktop_menu_target_icon == -1) { // New Folder
+                desktop_dialog_state = 2;
+                desktop_dialog_input[0] = 0;
+                desktop_dialog_cursor = 0;
             } else if (item == 2) { // Paste
                 bool can_paste = explorer_clipboard_has_content();
                 if (desktop_menu_target_icon != -1) {
@@ -947,17 +991,31 @@ void wm_handle_click(int x, int y) {
                 }
                 
                 if (can_paste) {
+                    int old_count = desktop_icon_count;
                     if (desktop_menu_target_icon != -1 && desktop_icons[desktop_menu_target_icon].type == 1) {
                         // Paste into folder
                         char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
                         DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[desktop_menu_target_icon];
                         int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
-                        explorer_clipboard_paste(path);
+                        explorer_clipboard_paste(&win_explorer, path);
                     } else {
                         // Paste to desktop
-                        explorer_clipboard_paste("/Desktop");
+                        explorer_clipboard_paste(&win_explorer, "/Desktop");
                     }
                     refresh_desktop_icons();
+
+                    if (!desktop_auto_align && desktop_icon_count > old_count && desktop_menu_target_icon == -1) {
+                        int new_idx = desktop_icon_count - 1;
+                        desktop_icons[new_idx].x = desktop_menu_x - 20;
+                        desktop_icons[new_idx].y = desktop_menu_y - 20;
+                        if (desktop_snap_to_grid) {
+                            int col = (desktop_icons[new_idx].x - 20 + 40) / 80;
+                            int row = (desktop_icons[new_idx].y - 20 + 40) / 80;
+                            if (col < 0) col = 0; if (row < 0) row = 0;
+                            desktop_icons[new_idx].x = 20 + col * 80;
+                            desktop_icons[new_idx].y = 20 + row * 80;
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (item == 3 && desktop_menu_target_icon != -1) { // Delete
@@ -984,15 +1042,35 @@ void wm_handle_click(int x, int y) {
     }
 
     // Handle Desktop Dialog Clicks
-    if (desktop_dialog_state == 8) {
+    if (desktop_dialog_state != 0) {
         int dlg_x = (sw - 300) / 2; int dlg_y = (sh - 110) / 2;
-        if (rect_contains(dlg_x + 50, dlg_y + 65, 80, 25, x, y)) { // Rename
+        if (rect_contains(dlg_x + 50, dlg_y + 65, 80, 25, x, y)) { // Confirm
-            char old_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+            if (desktop_dialog_state == 8) { // Rename
-            char new_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                char old_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
-            int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n]) old_path[p++] = desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n++]; old_path[p]=0;
+                char new_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
-            p=9; n=0; while(desktop_dialog_input[n]) new_path[p++] = desktop_dialog_input[n++]; new_path[p]=0;
+                int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n]) old_path[p++] = desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n++]; old_path[p]=0;
-            
+                p=9; n=0; while(desktop_dialog_input[n]) new_path[p++] = desktop_dialog_input[n++]; new_path[p]=0;
-            if (fat32_rename(old_path, new_path)) refresh_desktop_icons();
+                
+                if (fat32_rename(old_path, new_path)) {
+                    refresh_desktop_icons();
+                    explorer_refresh_all();
+                }
+            } else if (desktop_dialog_state == 1 || desktop_dialog_state == 2) { // Create File/Folder
+                if (desktop_icon_count >= desktop_max_cols * desktop_max_rows_per_col) {
+                    wm_show_message("Error", "Desktop is full!");
+                } else if (desktop_dialog_input[0] != 0) {
+                    char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                    int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_dialog_input[n]) path[p++] = desktop_dialog_input[n++]; path[p]=0;
+                    if (desktop_dialog_state == 1) {
+                        FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "w");
+                        if (fh) fat32_close(fh);
+                    } else {
+                        fat32_mkdir(path);
+                    }
+                    refresh_desktop_icons();
+                    explorer_refresh_all();
+                }
+            }
             desktop_dialog_state = 0;
             force_redraw = true;
             return;
@@ -1154,7 +1232,7 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
     static bool prev_right = false;
     bool left = buttons & 0x01;
     bool right = buttons & 0x02;
-    
+
     if (left && !prev_left) {
         // Mouse Down
         drag_start_x = mx;
@@ -1228,7 +1306,7 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                 DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[i];
                 is_dragging_file = true;
                 drag_icon_type = icon->type;
-                pending_desktop_icon_click = -1; // Cancel pending click since we are dragging
+                pending_desktop_icon_click = -1; 
                 drag_icon_orig_x = icon->x;
                 drag_icon_orig_y = icon->y;
                 // Construct path
@@ -1242,7 +1320,18 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                 if (explorer_get_file_at(drag_start_x, drag_start_y, drag_file_path, &is_dir)) {
                     is_dragging_file = true;
                     drag_icon_type = is_dir ? 1 : 0;
-                    explorer_clear_click_state();
+                    drag_src_win = NULL;
+                    
+                    // Find which explorer window was clicked to clear its state
+                    for (int w = 0; w < window_count; w++) {
+                        Window *win = all_windows[w];
+                        if (win->visible && rect_contains(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h, drag_start_x, drag_start_y)) {
+                            if (str_starts_with(win->title, "File Explorer")) {
+                                drag_src_win = win;
+                                explorer_clear_click_state(win);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             
@@ -1260,7 +1349,7 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
         if (start_menu_pending_app) {
             // Launch App
             if (str_starts_with(start_menu_pending_app, "Explorer")) {
-                explorer_reset(); wm_bring_to_front(&win_explorer);
+                explorer_open_directory("/");
             } else if (str_starts_with(start_menu_pending_app, "Notepad")) {
                 wm_bring_to_front(&win_notepad);
             } else if (str_starts_with(start_menu_pending_app, "Editor")) {
@@ -1293,49 +1382,52 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
             int i = pending_desktop_icon_click;
             if (i < desktop_icon_count) {
                 DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[i];
+                bool handled = false;
                 if (icon->type == 2) { // App Shortcut
                     // Check name to launch app
                     if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Notepad.shortcut")) {
-                        notepad_reset(); wm_bring_to_front(&win_notepad);
+                        notepad_reset(); wm_bring_to_front(&win_notepad); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Calculator.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_calculator);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_calculator); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Minesweeper.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_minesweeper);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_minesweeper); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Control Panel.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_control_panel);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_control_panel); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Terminal.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_cmd);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_cmd); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "About.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_about);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_about); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Explorer.shortcut")) {
-                        explorer_reset(); wm_bring_to_front(&win_explorer);
+                        explorer_open_directory("/"); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Recycle Bin.shortcut")) {
-                        explorer_open_directory("/RecycleBin"); wm_bring_to_front(&win_explorer);
+                        explorer_open_directory("/RecycleBin"); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Paint.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_paint);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_paint); handled = true;
                     }
                     
-                    // Generic Shortcut Handling
+                    if (!handled) {
-                    char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                        // Generic Shortcut Handling
-                    int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
+                        char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
-                    
+                        int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
-                    if (str_ends_with(icon->name, ".shortcut") && !str_starts_with(icon->name, "Recycle Bin")) {
+                        
-                        FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "r");
+                        if (str_ends_with(icon->name, ".shortcut") && !str_starts_with(icon->name, "Recycle Bin")) {
-                        if (fh) {
+                            FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "r");
-                            char buf[256];
+                            if (fh) {
-                            int len = fat32_read(fh, buf, 255);
+                                char buf[256];
-                            fat32_close(fh);
+                                int len = fat32_read(fh, buf, 255);
-                            if (len > 0) {
+                                fat32_close(fh);
-                                buf[len] = 0;
+                                if (len > 0) {
-                                if (fat32_is_directory(buf)) {
+                                    buf[len] = 0;
-                                    explorer_open_directory(buf);
+                                    if (fat32_is_directory(buf)) {
-                                    wm_bring_to_front(&win_explorer);
+                                        explorer_open_directory(buf);
-                                } else {
+                                    } else {
-                                    editor_open_file(buf);
+                                        editor_open_file(buf);
-                                    wm_bring_to_front(&win_editor);
+                                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_editor);
+                                    }
+                                    pending_desktop_icon_click = -1;
+                                    force_redraw = true;
+                                    return;
                                 }
-                                pending_desktop_icon_click = -1;
-                                return;
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1343,7 +1435,6 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                     char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
                     int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
                     explorer_open_directory(path);
-                    wm_bring_to_front(&win_explorer);
                 } else { // File
                     char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
                     int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
@@ -1366,25 +1457,31 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
         if (is_dragging_file) {
             // Drop logic
             
-            // Check drop target
+            // Check drop target - iterate through all windows to find if dropped on an Explorer
-            if (win_explorer.visible && rect_contains(win_explorer.x, win_explorer.y, win_explorer.w, win_explorer.h, mx, my)) {
+            Window *drop_win = NULL;
-                // Dropped on Explorer
+            int topmost_z = -1;
-                // If source was desktop, we need to refresh desktop to remove the icon
+            for (int w = 0; w < window_count; w++) {
-                bool from_desktop = str_starts_with(drag_file_path, "/Desktop/");
+                Window *win = all_windows[w];
-                
+                if (win->visible && rect_contains(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h, mx, my)) {
-                if (drag_file_path[0] != ':') {
+                    if (win->z_index > topmost_z && str_starts_with(win->title, "File Explorer")) {
-                    char target_path[256];
+                        drop_win = win;
-                    bool is_dir;
+                        topmost_z = win->z_index;
-                    // Check if dropped on a folder inside explorer
-                    if (explorer_get_file_at(mx, my, target_path, &is_dir) && is_dir) {
-                        explorer_import_file_to(drag_file_path, target_path);
-                    } else {
-                        // Dropped in current dir
-                        explorer_import_file(drag_file_path);
                     }
-                    
                 }
-                if (from_desktop) {
+            }
+
+            if (drop_win) {
+                char target_path[256];
+                bool is_dir;
+                // Check if dropped on a folder inside this explorer
+                if (explorer_get_file_at(mx, my, target_path, &is_dir) && is_dir) {
+                    explorer_import_file_to(drop_win, drag_file_path, target_path);
+                } else {
+                    // Dropped in current dir of this explorer
+                    explorer_import_file(drop_win, drag_file_path);
+                }
+
+                if (str_starts_with(drag_file_path, "/Desktop/")) {
                     refresh_desktop_icons();
                 }
             } else {
@@ -1396,27 +1493,52 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                     // If source was NOT desktop, move to desktop
                     // Check if path starts with /Desktop/
                     bool from_desktop = (drag_file_path[0]=='/' && drag_file_path[1]=='D' && drag_file_path[2]=='e');
-                    if (!from_desktop) {
+                    bool dropped_on_target = false;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < desktop_icon_count; i++) {
+                        if (from_desktop) {
+                            char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                            int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[i].name[n]) path[p++] = desktop_icons[i].name[n++]; path[p]=0;
+                            if (str_eq(path, drag_file_path) == 0) continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (rect_contains(desktop_icons[i].x + 20, desktop_icons[i].y, 40, 40, mx, my)) {
+                            if (desktop_icons[i].type == 1) {
+                                char target_path[256] = "/Desktop/";
+                                int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[i].name[n]) target_path[p++] = desktop_icons[i].name[n++]; target_path[p]=0;
+                                explorer_import_file_to(&win_explorer, drag_file_path, target_path);
+                                refresh_desktop_icons();
+                                dropped_on_target = true;
+                                break;
+                            } else if (desktop_icons[i].type == 2 && str_starts_with(desktop_icons[i].name, "Recycle Bin")) {
+                                explorer_import_file_to(&win_explorer, drag_file_path, "/RecycleBin");
+                                refresh_desktop_icons();
+                                dropped_on_target = true;
+                                break;
+                            } else {
+                                dropped_on_target = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (!dropped_on_target && !from_desktop) {
                         // Dragged from Explorer to Desktop
                         // Check limit first
                         if (desktop_icon_count >= desktop_max_cols * desktop_max_rows_per_col) {
                             wm_show_message("Error", "Desktop is full!");
                         } else {
-                            explorer_import_file_to(drag_file_path, "/Desktop");
+                            explorer_import_file_to(&win_explorer, drag_file_path, "/Desktop");
-                            refresh_desktop_icons();
                         }
                         
                         // Handle insertion at specific position
+                        char filename[64];
+                        int len = 0; while(drag_file_path[len]) len++;
+                        int s = len - 1; while(s >= 0 && drag_file_path[s] != '/') s--;
+                        s++;
+                        int d = 0; while(drag_file_path[s] && d < 63) filename[d++] = drag_file_path[s++];
+                        filename[d] = 0;
+
                         if (desktop_auto_align && !msg_box_visible) {
-                            // Find the newly added icon (it will be at the end)
-                            // Extract filename from drag_file_path
-                            char filename[64];
-                            int len = 0; while(drag_file_path[len]) len++;
-                            int s = len - 1; while(s >= 0 && drag_file_path[s] != '/') s--;
-                            s++;
-                            int d = 0; while(drag_file_path[s] && d < 63) filename[d++] = drag_file_path[s++];
-                            filename[d] = 0;
-                            
                             int new_idx = -1;
                             for(int i=0; i<desktop_icon_count; i++) {
                                 if (str_eq(desktop_icons[i].name, filename) == 0) {
@@ -1441,8 +1563,23 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                                 
                                 refresh_desktop_icons(); // Re-apply layout
                             }
+                        } else if (!desktop_auto_align && !msg_box_visible) {
+                            for(int i=0; i<desktop_icon_count; i++) {
+                                if (str_eq(desktop_icons[i].name, filename) == 0) {
+                                    desktop_icons[i].x = mx - 20;
+                                    desktop_icons[i].y = my - 20;
+                                    if (desktop_snap_to_grid) {
+                                        int col = (desktop_icons[i].x - 20 + 40) / 80;
+                                        int row = (desktop_icons[i].y - 20 + 40) / 80;
+                                        if (col < 0) col = 0; if (row < 0) row = 0;
+                                        desktop_icons[i].x = 20 + col * 80;
+                                        desktop_icons[i].y = 20 + row * 80;
+                                    }
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
-                    } else {
+                    } else if (!dropped_on_target) {
                         // Moved within desktop
                         // Find which icon was dragged
                         int dragged_idx = -1;
@@ -1456,32 +1593,7 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                         }
                         
                         if (dragged_idx != -1) {
-                            // Check for drop on folder (Priority over placement)
+                            if (desktop_auto_align) {
-                            bool dropped_on_folder = false;
-                            for (int i = 0; i < desktop_icon_count; i++) {
-                                if (i == dragged_idx) continue;
-                                if (desktop_icons[i].type == 1) { // Folder
-                                    // Check if mouse is over this folder icon
-                                    if (rect_contains(desktop_icons[i].x + 20, desktop_icons[i].y, 40, 40, mx, my)) {
-                                        char target_path[256] = "/Desktop/";
-                                        int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[i].name[n]) target_path[p++] = desktop_icons[i].name[n++]; target_path[p]=0;
-                                        explorer_import_file_to(drag_file_path, target_path);
-                                        refresh_desktop_icons();
-                                        dropped_on_folder = true;
-                                        break;
-                                    }
-                                } else if (desktop_icons[i].type == 2 && str_starts_with(desktop_icons[i].name, "Recycle Bin")) {
-                                     if (rect_contains(desktop_icons[i].x + 20, desktop_icons[i].y, 40, 40, mx, my)) {
-                                        // Move to Recycle Bin
-                                        explorer_import_file_to(drag_file_path, "/RecycleBin");
-                                        refresh_desktop_icons();
-                                        dropped_on_folder = true;
-                                        break;
-                                     }
-                                }
-                            }
-
-                            if (!dropped_on_folder && desktop_auto_align) {
                                 int cell_h = 80;
                                 int rel_y = my - 20;
                                 if (rel_y < 0) rel_y = 0;
@@ -1509,7 +1621,7 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                                 }
                                 desktop_icons[target_idx] = temp;
                                 refresh_desktop_icons(); // Re-applies layout
-                            } else if (!dropped_on_folder) {
+                            } else {
                                 desktop_icons[dragged_idx].x = mx - 20;
                                 desktop_icons[dragged_idx].y = my - 20;
                                 if (desktop_snap_to_grid) {
@@ -1531,7 +1643,6 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                                     if (dx < 0) dx = -dx;
                                     if (dy < 0) dy = -dy;
                                     if (dx < 35 && dy < 35) {
-                                        // Collision with non-folder (or we would have handled it)
                                         // Revert position
                                         desktop_icons[dragged_idx].x = drag_icon_orig_x;
                                         desktop_icons[dragged_idx].y = drag_icon_orig_y;
@@ -1571,14 +1682,34 @@ static volatile int key_head = 0;
 static volatile int key_tail = 0;
 
 static void wm_dispatch_key(char c) {
-    if (desktop_dialog_state == 8) {
+    if (desktop_dialog_state != 0) {
         int len = 0; while(desktop_dialog_input[len]) len++;
         if (c == '\n') {
-            char old_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+            if (desktop_dialog_state == 8) { // Rename
-            char new_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                char old_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
-            int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n]) old_path[p++] = desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n++]; old_path[p]=0;
+                char new_path[128] = "/Desktop/";
-            p=9; n=0; while(desktop_dialog_input[n]) new_path[p++] = desktop_dialog_input[n++]; new_path[p]=0;
+                int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n]) old_path[p++] = desktop_icons[desktop_dialog_target].name[n++]; old_path[p]=0;
-            if (fat32_rename(old_path, new_path)) refresh_desktop_icons();
+                p=9; n=0; while(desktop_dialog_input[n]) new_path[p++] = desktop_dialog_input[n++]; new_path[p]=0;
+                if (fat32_rename(old_path, new_path)) {
+                    refresh_desktop_icons();
+                    explorer_refresh_all();
+                }
+            } else if (desktop_dialog_state == 1 || desktop_dialog_state == 2) { // Create File/Folder
+                if (desktop_icon_count >= desktop_max_cols * desktop_max_rows_per_col) {
+                    wm_show_message("Error", "Desktop is full!");
+                } else if (desktop_dialog_input[0] != 0) {
+                    char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                    int p=9; int n=0; while(desktop_dialog_input[n]) path[p++] = desktop_dialog_input[n++]; path[p]=0;
+                    if (desktop_dialog_state == 1) {
+                        FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "w");
+                        if (fh) fat32_close(fh);
+                    } else {
+                        fat32_mkdir(path);
+                    }
+                    refresh_desktop_icons();
+                    explorer_refresh_all();
+                }
+            }
             desktop_dialog_state = 0;
         } else if (c == 27) {
             desktop_dialog_state = 0;
@@ -1601,13 +1732,12 @@ static void wm_dispatch_key(char c) {
     }
 
     Window *target = NULL;
-    if (win_notepad.focused && win_notepad.visible) target = &win_notepad;
+    for (int i = 0; i < window_count; i++) {
-    else if (win_cmd.focused && win_cmd.visible) target = &win_cmd;
+        if (all_windows[i]->focused && all_windows[i]->visible) {
-    else if (win_calculator.focused && win_calculator.visible) target = &win_calculator;
+            target = all_windows[i];
-    else if (win_explorer.focused && win_explorer.visible) target = &win_explorer;
+            break;
-    else if (win_editor.focused && win_editor.visible) target = &win_editor;
+        }
-    else if (win_markdown.focused && win_markdown.visible) target = &win_markdown;
+    }
-    else if (win_control_panel.focused && win_control_panel.visible) target = &win_control_panel;
     
     if (!target) return;
     
@@ -1711,12 +1841,13 @@ uint32_t wm_get_ticks(void) {
 void wm_timer_tick(void) {
     timer_ticks++;
     
-    // Auto-refresh desktop every second (approx 60 ticks)
+    // Auto-refresh desktop every 5 seconds  to save CPU in QEMU
-    // But NOT if we are currently dragging something, to avoid state conflicts
+    // But NOT if the user is dragging a window or file.
     if (!is_dragging && !is_dragging_file) {
         desktop_refresh_timer++;
-        if (desktop_refresh_timer >= 60) {
+        if (desktop_refresh_timer >= 300) {
             refresh_desktop_icons();
+            explorer_refresh_all();
             desktop_refresh_timer = 0;
             force_redraw = true;
         }

src/kernel/wm.h

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ struct Window {
     int cursor_pos;
     bool focused;
     int z_index;  // Layering depth (higher = on top)
+    void *data;   // Per-window private data
     
     // Callbacks
     void (*paint)(Window *win);
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ void wm_handle_key(char c);
 void wm_handle_click(int x, int y);
 void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y);
 void wm_process_input(void);
+void wm_add_window(Window *win);
+void wm_bring_to_front(Window *win);
 
 // Redraw system
 void wm_mark_dirty(int x, int y, int w, int h);