FIX: cpuinfo stack overflow and add GUI tab character support

.gitattributes

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
-* text=auto

.gitignore

@@ -20,13 +20,14 @@ limine 2/limine.dSYM/Contents/Resources/DWARF/limine
 limine 2/limine.exe
 boredos.dump
 qemu-debug.log
-build/
 iso_root/
 limine/
-src/kernel/userland/bin/
+src/userland/bin/
 boredos.iso
 disk.img
 limine
+**/.DS_Store
 .DS_Store
-src/.DS_Store
-limine
+/build/
+*.o
+disk.img

LICENSE

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                        Version 3, 29 June 2007
 
-                  Copyright(C) Chris(boreddevnl) 2024-2026
+                  Copyright(C) Chris (boreddevnl) 2024-2026
 
  Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
     GNU General Public License for more details.
 
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>.
 
 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 
@@ -666,11 +666,11 @@ might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
 if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
 For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
-<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>.
 
   The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
 into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
 may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
 the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
 Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
-<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html\>.

Makefile

@@ -10,27 +10,42 @@ LD = x86_64-elf-ld
 NASM = nasm
 XORRISO = xorriso
 
-SRC_DIR = src/kernel
+SRC_DIR = src
 BUILD_DIR = build
 ISO_DIR = iso_root
 
 KERNEL_ELF = $(BUILD_DIR)/boredos.elf
 ISO_IMAGE = boredos.iso
 
-C_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/*.c) \
-            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/lwip/core/*.c) \
-            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/lwip/core/ipv4/*.c) \
-			$(SRC_DIR)/lwip/netif/ethernet.c \
-			$(SRC_DIR)/lwip/netif/bridgeif.c
+C_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/core/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/sys/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/mem/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/dev/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/net/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/net/nic/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/fs/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/wm/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/core/*.c) \
+            $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/core/ipv4/*.c) \
+			$(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/netif/ethernet.c \
+			$(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/netif/bridgeif.c
 
-ASM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/*.asm)
-OBJ_FILES = $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(C_SOURCES)) \
-            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/%.asm, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(ASM_SOURCES))
+ASM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/arch/*.asm)
+OBJ_FILES = $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/core/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/core/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/sys/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/sys/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/mem/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/mem/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/dev/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/dev/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/net/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/net/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/net/nic/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/net/nic/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/fs/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/fs/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/wm/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/wm/*.c)) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/lwip/%.o, $(filter $(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/%.c, $(C_SOURCES))) \
+            $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/arch/%.asm, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(ASM_SOURCES))
 
 CFLAGS = -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding \
          -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE \
          -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone \
-         -I$(SRC_DIR) -I$(SRC_DIR)/lwip
+         -I$(SRC_DIR) -I$(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip -I$(SRC_DIR)/core -I$(SRC_DIR)/sys -I$(SRC_DIR)/mem -I$(SRC_DIR)/dev -I$(SRC_DIR)/net -I$(SRC_DIR)/net/nic -I$(SRC_DIR)/fs -I$(SRC_DIR)/wm
 
 LDFLAGS = -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -pie --no-dynamic-linker \
           -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -T linker.ld
@@ -54,9 +69,9 @@ limine-setup:
 		rm -rf limine; \
 		git clone https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine.git --branch=v$(LIMINE_VERSION)-binary --depth=1 limine; \
 	fi
-	@if [ ! -f $(SRC_DIR)/limine.h ]; then \
+	@if [ ! -f $(SRC_DIR)/core/limine.h ]; then \
 		echo "Copying limine.h..."; \
-		cp limine/limine.h $(SRC_DIR)/limine.h; \
+		cp limine/limine.h $(SRC_DIR)/core/limine.h; \
 	fi
 	@echo "Building Limine host utility..."; \
 	$(MAKE) -C limine
@@ -65,66 +80,108 @@ $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
 	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/core/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/sys/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
-$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/mem/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/dev/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/net/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/net/nic/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/fs/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/wm/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/lwip/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/net/lwip/%.c | $(BUILD_DIR) limine-setup
+	mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/arch/%.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
 	$(NASM) $(NASMFLAGS) $< -o $@
 
-$(BUILD_DIR)/test_syscall.o: $(SRC_DIR)/test_syscall.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
+$(BUILD_DIR)/test_syscall.o: $(SRC_DIR)/arch/test_syscall.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
 	$(NASM) $(NASMFLAGS) $< -o $@
 
-$(BUILD_DIR)/user_test.o: $(SRC_DIR)/user_test.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
+$(BUILD_DIR)/user_test.o: $(SRC_DIR)/arch/user_test.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
 	$(NASM) $(NASMFLAGS) $< -o $@
 
-$(BUILD_DIR)/process_asm.o: $(SRC_DIR)/process_asm.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
+$(BUILD_DIR)/process_asm.o: $(SRC_DIR)/arch/process_asm.asm | $(BUILD_DIR)
 	$(NASM) $(NASMFLAGS) $< -o $@
 
 $(KERNEL_ELF): $(OBJ_FILES)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJ_FILES)
 	$(MAKE) -C $(SRC_DIR)/userland
 
-$(ISO_IMAGE): $(KERNEL_ELF) limine.conf limine-setup
+$(BUILD_DIR)/initrd.tar: $(KERNEL_ELF)
+	rm -rf $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/bin
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/images/Wallpapers
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/images/gif
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/Fonts/Emoji
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/DOOM
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/docs
+
+	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/userland/bin/*.elf; do \
+		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then cp "$$f" $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/bin/; fi \
+	done
+	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/images/wallpapers/*; do \
+		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then cp "$$f" $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/images/Wallpapers/; fi \
+	done
+	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/images/gif/*.gif; do \
+		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then cp "$$f" $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/images/gif/; fi \
+	done
+	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/fonts/*.ttf; do \
+		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then cp "$$f" $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/Fonts/; fi \
+	done
+	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/fonts/Emoji/*.ttf; do \
+		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then cp "$$f" $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/Fonts/Emoji/; fi \
+	done
+	@if [ -f $(SRC_DIR)/userland/games/doom/doom1.wad ]; then cp $(SRC_DIR)/userland/games/doom/doom1.wad $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/Library/DOOM/; fi
+	@for f in $$(find docs -name '*.md' 2>/dev/null); do \
+		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then \
+			dir=$$(dirname "$$f"); \
+			mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/"$$dir"; \
+			cp "$$f" $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/"$$dir"/; \
+		fi \
+	done
+	@if [ -f README.md ]; then cp README.md $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/; fi
+	@if [ -f LICENSE ]; then cp LICENSE $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd/; fi
+	
+	cd $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd && COPYFILE_DISABLE=1 tar --exclude="._*" -cf ../initrd.tar *
+
+$(ISO_IMAGE): $(KERNEL_ELF) $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd.tar limine.conf limine-setup
 	rm -rf $(ISO_DIR)
 	mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)
 	mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)/EFI/BOOT
 	
 	cp $(KERNEL_ELF) $(ISO_DIR)/
 	cp limine.conf $(ISO_DIR)/
-	mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)/bin
-	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/userland/bin/*.elf; do \
-		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then \
-			basename=$$(basename "$$f"); \
-			cp "$$f" $(ISO_DIR)/bin/; \
-			echo "    module_path: boot():/bin/$$basename" >> $(ISO_DIR)/limine.conf; \
-		fi \
-	done
 	
-	@if [ -f README.md ]; then cp README.md $(ISO_DIR)/; fi
-	@if [ -f $(SRC_DIR)/userland/doom/doom1.wad ]; then \
-		mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)/Library/DOOM; \
-		cp $(SRC_DIR)/userland/doom/doom1.wad $(ISO_DIR)/Library/DOOM/; \
-		echo "    module_path: boot():/Library/DOOM/doom1.wad" >> $(ISO_DIR)/limine.conf; \
-	fi
+	cp $(BUILD_DIR)/initrd.tar $(ISO_DIR)/
+	echo "    module_path: boot():/initrd.tar" >> $(ISO_DIR)/limine.conf
 	
-	mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)/Library/images/Wallpapers
-	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/images/wallpapers/*; do \
-		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then \
-			basename=$$(basename "$$f"); \
-			cp "$$f" $(ISO_DIR)/Library/images/Wallpapers/; \
-			echo "    module_path: boot():/Library/images/Wallpapers/$$basename" >> $(ISO_DIR)/limine.conf; \
-		fi \
-	done
 	@if [ -f splash.jpg ]; then cp splash.jpg $(ISO_DIR)/; fi
 	
-	mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)/Library/images/gif
-	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/images/gif/*.gif; do \
-		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then \
-			basename=$$(basename "$$f"); \
-			cp "$$f" $(ISO_DIR)/Library/images/gif/; \
-			echo "    module_path: boot():/Library/images/gif/$$basename" >> $(ISO_DIR)/limine.conf; \
-		fi \
-	done
-	
 	cp limine/limine-bios.sys $(ISO_DIR)/
 	cp limine/limine-bios-cd.bin $(ISO_DIR)/
 	cp limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin $(ISO_DIR)/
@@ -132,15 +189,6 @@ $(ISO_IMAGE): $(KERNEL_ELF) limine.conf limine-setup
 	cp limine/BOOTX64.EFI $(ISO_DIR)/EFI/BOOT/
 	cp limine/BOOTIA32.EFI $(ISO_DIR)/EFI/BOOT/
 
-	mkdir -p $(ISO_DIR)/Library/Fonts
-	@for f in $(SRC_DIR)/fonts/*.ttf; do \
-		if [ -f "$$f" ]; then \
-			basename=$$(basename "$$f"); \
-			cp "$$f" $(ISO_DIR)/Library/Fonts/; \
-			echo "    module_path: boot():/Library/Fonts/$$basename" >> $(ISO_DIR)/limine.conf; \
-		fi \
-	done
-	
 	$(XORRISO) -as mkisofs -R -J -b limine-bios-cd.bin \
 		-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
 		--efi-boot limine-uefi-cd.bin \
@@ -157,7 +205,7 @@ run: $(ISO_IMAGE)
 	qemu-system-x86_64 -m 4G -serial stdio -cdrom $< -boot d \
 	    -smp 4 \
 		-audiodev coreaudio,id=audio0 -machine pcspk-audiodev=audio0 \
-		-netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=udp::12346-:12345 -device e1000,netdev=net0 \
+		-netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=udp::12346-:12345 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0 \
 		-vga std -global VGA.xres=1920 -global VGA.yres=1080 \
 		-display cocoa,show-cursor=off \
 		-drive file=disk.img,format=raw,file.locking=off \

README.md

@@ -2,167 +2,86 @@
 
 <div align="center">
   <img src="boredos.svg" alt="BoredOS Logo" width="450" />
+  <p><em>A modern x86_64 hobbyist operating system built from the ground up.</em></p>
+
+  [![License: GPL v3](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-GPLv3-blue.svg)](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0)
+  ![Platform: x86_64](https://img.shields.io/badge/Platform-x86_64-lightgrey)
+  ![Status: Active](https://img.shields.io/badge/Status-Active-brightgreen)
 </div>
-BoredOS is a simple x86_64 hobbyist operating system. 
-It features a DE (and WM), a FAT32 filesystem, customizable UI and much much more!
+
+---
+
+BoredOS is a x86_64 operating system featuring a custom Desktop Environment (DE), a dedicated Window Manager (BoredWM), and a FAT32 filesystem. It balances low-level kernel exploration with a surprisingly capable userspace.
 
 ![Screenshot](screenshot.jpg)
-*this screenshot might be outdated*
+> [!NOTE]
+> *The screenshot above may represent a previous build and is subject to change as the UI evolves.*
+
+---
 
 ## Features
-- userspace
-- JPG image support
-- Disk manager
-- Drag and drop mouse centered UI
-- Customizable UI
-- Basic Networking Stack
-- Bored WM
-- FAT32 filesystem
-- 64-bit long mode support
-- Multiboot2 compliant
-- Text editor
-- Markdown Viewer
-- Minesweeper
-- Markdown Viewer
-- GUI Text editor
-- Paint application
-- IDT
-- Ability to run on actual x86_64 hardware
-- CLI
-- (Limited) C Compiler
 
-## Prerequisites
+### System Architecture
+* **64-bit Long Mode:** Fully utilizing the x86_64 architecture.
+* **Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP):** Full support for multi-core CPUs via Limine SMP.
+* **LAPIC & IPI Scheduling:** Advanced interrupt handling and inter-processor communication for task distribution.
+* **SMP-Safe Spinlocks:** Robust kernel-wide synchronization for VFS, process management, and the GUI.
+* **Multiboot2 Compliant:** Bootable on real hardware and modern emulators.
+* **Kernel Core:** Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) management and a robust syscall interface.
+* **Filesystem:** Full **FAT32** support for persistent and in-memory storage.
+* **Networking:** Includes the lwIP networking stack.
 
-To build BoredOS, you'll need the following tools installed:
+### Graphical User Interface
+* **BoredWM:** A custom Window Manager with drag-and-drop, mouse-centered interaction.
+* **Customization:** Adjustable UI to suit your aesthetic.
+* **Media Support:** Built-in image decoding.
 
-- **x86_64 ELF Toolchain**: `x86_64-elf-gcc`, `x86_64-elf-ld`
-- **NASM**: Netwide Assembler for compiling assembly code
-- **xorriso**: For creating bootable ISO images
-- **QEMU** (optional): For testing the kernel in an emulator
+### Included Applications
+* **Productivity:** GUI Text Editor calculator, Markdown Viewer, a simple browser and BoredWord.
+* **Creativity:** A Paint application.
+* **Utilities:** Terminal, Task Manager, File Explorer, Clock and a (limited) C Compiler.
+* **Games:** Minesweeper and DOOM.
 
-On macOS, you can install these using Homebrew:
-```sh
-brew install x86_64-elf-binutils x86_64-elf-gcc nasm xorriso qemu
-```
+---
 
-## Building
+## 📚 Documentation
 
-Simply run `make` from the project root:
+Explore the internal workings of BoredOS via our comprehensive guides in the [`docs/`](docs/) directory.
 
-```sh
-make
-```
+* 📖 **[Documentation Index](docs/README.md)** – Start here.
+* 🏗️ **[Architecture Overview](docs/architecture/core.md)** – Deep dive into the kernel.
+* 🔨 **[Building and Running](docs/build/usage.md)** – Setup your build environment.
+* 🚀 **[AppDev SDK](docs/appdev/custom_apps.md)** – Build your own apps for BoredOS.
 
-This will:
-1. Compile all kernel C sources and assembly files
-2. Link the kernel ELF binary
-3. Generate a bootable ISO image (`boredos.iso`)
+---
 
-The build output is organized as follows:
-- Compiled object files: `build/`
-- ISO root filesystem: `iso_root/`
-- Final ISO image: `boredos.iso`
+## Support the Journey
 
-## Running
+If you find this project interesting or helpful, consider fueling the development with a coffee!
 
-### QEMU Emulation
-
-Run the kernel in QEMU:
-
-```sh
-make run
-```
-
-Or manually:
-```sh
-qemu-system-x86_64 -m 2G -serial stdio -cdrom boredos.iso -boot d
-```
-
-### Running on Real Hardware
-
-*Warning: This is at YOUR OWN RISK. This software comes with ZERO warranty and may break your system.*
-
-1. **Create bootable USB**: Use [Balena Etcher](https://www.balena.io/etcher/) to flash `boredos.iso` to a USB drive
-
-2. **Prepare the system**:
-   - Enable legacy (BIOS) boot in your system BIOS/UEFI settings
-   - Disable Secure Boot if needed
-
-3. **Boot**: Insert the USB drive and select it in the boot menu during startup
-
-**Networking requires an Intel E1000 network card or similar while using Ethernet.**
-
-4. **Tested Hardware**:
-   - HP EliteDesk 705 G4 DM (AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 2400G, Radeon Vega) **Tested, no networking.**
-   - Lenovo ThinkPad A475 20KL002VMH (AMD Pro A12-8830B, Radeon R7) **Tested, no networking.**
-   - Acer Aspire E5-573-311M (Intel Core i3-5005U, Intel HD Graphics) **Tested, no networking.**
+<a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/boreddevhq" target="_blank">
+  <img src="https://cdn.buymeacoffee.com/buttons/v2/default-yellow.png" alt="Buy Me A Coffee" height="50" style="border-radius: 8px;" />
+</a>
 
 
-## Project Structure
+---
 
-- `src/kernel/` - Main kernel implementation
-- `boot.asm` - Boot assembly code
-- `main.c` - Kernel entry point
-- `*.c / *.h` - Core kernel modules (graphics, interrupts, filesystem, etc.)
-- `cli_apps/` - Command-line applications
-- `build/` - Compiled object files (generated during build)
-- `iso_root/` - ISO filesystem layout (generated during build)
-- `limine/` - Limine bootloader files (downloaded automatically)
-- `linker.ld` - Linker script for x86_64 ELF
-- `limine.conf` - Limine bootloader configuration
-- `Makefile` - Build configuration and targets
+## ⚠️ Project Disclaimer & Heritage
 
+**BoredOS** is the successor to **BrewKernel**, a project initiated in 2023. 
 
+While BrewKernel served as the foundational learning ground for this OS, it has been officially **deprecated and archived**. It no longer receives updates, bug fixes, or pull request reviews. BoredOS represents a complete architectural reboot, applying years of lessons learned to create a cleaner, more modular, and more capable system.
 
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Please ensure all issues, discussions, and contributions are directed to this repository. Legacy BrewKernel code is preserved for historical purposes only and is not compatible with BoredOS.
 
-###
-###
-
-<h2 align="left">Help me brew some coffee! ☕️</h2>
-
-###
-
-<p align="left">
-  If you enjoy this project, and like what i'm doing here, consider buying me a coffee!
-  <br><br>
-  <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/boreddevnl" target="_blank">
-    <img src="https://cdn.buymeacoffee.com/buttons/v2/default-yellow.png" alt="Buy Me A Coffee" height="50" style="border-radius: 8px;" />
-  </a>
-</p>
-
-###
-
-
-## This project was previously labeled as "BrewKernel"
-Brewkernel was a text only very simple (and messy) project i started 3 years ago. It was my first work in OSDev and i absolutely loved it. It sadly just got too messy and i myself couldn't understand my own code anymore. About a year ago i started work on BoredOS, and pushed a *"working"* version of it a few days ago as of writing this *(Feb. 10 2026)* 
-Brewkernel has already been deprecated and will not be accepting any pull requests or fix any issues as it is now a public archive.
-Thanks to everyone who helped me with Brewkernel, even if it were just ideas, and intend to keep working on this for the forseeable future!
+---
 
 ## License
 
-Copyright (C) 2024-2026 boreddevnl
+**Copyright (C) 2024-2026 boreddevnl**
 
-This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+Distributed under the **GNU General Public License v3**. See the `LICENSE` file for details. 
 
-NOTICE
-------
-
-This product includes software developed by Chris ("boreddevnl") as part of the BoredOS (Previously Brewkernel/BrewOS) project.
-
-Copyright (C) 2024–2026 Chris / boreddevnl (previously boreddevhq)
-
-All source files in this repository contain copyright and license
-headers that must be preserved in redistributions and derivative works.
-
-If you distribute or modify this project (in whole or in part),
-you MUST:
-
-  - Retain all copyright and license headers at the top of each file.
-  - Include this NOTICE file along with any redistributions or
-    derivative works.
-  - Provide clear attribution to the original author in documentation
-    or credits where appropriate.
-
-The above attribution requirements are informational and intended to
-ensure proper credit is given. They do not alter or supersede the
-terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), which governs this work.
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> This product includes software developed by Chris ("boreddevnl"). You must retain all copyright headers and include the original attribution in any redistributions or derivative works. See the `NOTICE` file for more details.

boredos.svg

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 500 130" width="100%">
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 415 130" width="100%">
   <style>
     text {
       font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, "SF Mono", Menlo, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;

build.log

@@ -1,533 +1,286 @@
 mkdir -p build
 mkdir -p build
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/boot.asm -o build/boot.o
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/gdt_asm.asm -o build/gdt_asm.o
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/interrupts.asm -o build/interrupts.o
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/process_asm.asm -o build/process_asm.o
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/syscalls.asm -o build/syscalls.o
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/test_syscall.asm -o build/test_syscall.o
+nasm -f elf64 src/arch/user_test.asm -o build/user_test.o
 Building Limine host utility...
 make[1]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/cmd.c -o build/cmd.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/disk_manager.c -o build/disk_manager.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/e1000.c -o build/e1000.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/e1000_netif.c -o build/e1000_netif.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/elf.c -o build/elf.o
-src/kernel/elf.c:12:13: warning: 'print_hex' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
-   12 | static void print_hex(uint64_t n) {
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/explorer.c -o build/explorer.o
-src/kernel/explorer.c: In function 'explorer_draw_file_icon':
-src/kernel/explorer.c:887:73: warning: unused parameter 'color' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  887 | static void explorer_draw_file_icon(int x, int y, bool is_dir, uint32_t color, const char *filename, const char *current_path) {
-      |                                                                ~~~~~~~~~^~~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/core/kutils.c -o build/kutils.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/fat32.c -o build/fat32.o
-src/kernel/fat32.c: In function 'fat32_normalize_path':
-src/kernel/fat32.c:151:10: warning: unused variable 'drive' [-Wunused-variable]
-  151 |     char drive = parse_drive_from_path(&p);
-      |          ^~~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/core/main.c -o build/main.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/font_manager.c -o build/font_manager.o
-In file included from src/kernel/font_manager.c:4:
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FreeShape':
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h:2672:54: warning: unused parameter 'info' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 2672 | STBTT_DEF void stbtt_FreeShape(const stbtt_fontinfo *info, stbtt_vertex *v)
-      |                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt__hheap_alloc':
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h:2770:70: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 2770 | static void *stbtt__hheap_alloc(stbtt__hheap *hh, size_t size, void *userdata)
-      |                                                                ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt__hheap_cleanup':
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h:2797:58: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 2797 | static void stbtt__hheap_cleanup(stbtt__hheap *hh, void *userdata)
-      |                                                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FlattenCurves':
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h:3618:154: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 3618 | static stbtt__point *stbtt_FlattenCurves(stbtt_vertex *vertices, int num_verts, float objspace_flatness, int **contour_lengths, int *num_contours, void *userdata)
-      |                                                                                                                                                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FreeBitmap':
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h:3708:62: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 3708 | STBTT_DEF void stbtt_FreeBitmap(unsigned char *bitmap, void *userdata)
-      |                                                        ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FreeSDF':
-src/kernel/stb_truetype.h:4767:59: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 4767 | STBTT_DEF void stbtt_FreeSDF(unsigned char *bitmap, void *userdata)
-      |                                                     ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/font_manager.c: In function 'font_manager_load':
-src/kernel/font_manager.c:93:9: warning: unused variable 'read' [-Wunused-variable]
-   93 |     int read = fat32_read(fh, buffer, fsize);
-      |         ^~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/core/version.c -o build/version.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/elf.c -o build/elf.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/core/platform.c -o build/platform.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/core/panic.c -o build/panic.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/gdt.c -o build/gdt.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/idt.c -o build/idt.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/graphics.c -o build/graphics.o
-mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/idt.c -o build/idt.o
-src/kernel/idt.c: In function 'pic_remap':
-src/kernel/idt.c:110:17: warning: variable 'a2' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
-  110 |     uint8_t a1, a2;
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/gdt.c -o build/gdt.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/kernel_subsystem.c -o build/kernel_subsystem.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/lapic.c -o build/lapic.o
+src/sys/idt.c: In function 'pic_remap':
+src/sys/idt.c:120:17: warning: variable 'a2' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
+  120 |     uint8_t a1, a2;
       |                 ^~
-src/kernel/idt.c:110:13: warning: variable 'a1' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
-  110 |     uint8_t a1, a2;
+src/sys/idt.c:120:13: warning: variable 'a1' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
+  120 |     uint8_t a1, a2;
       |             ^~
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/kutils.c -o build/kutils.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/module_manager.c -o build/module_manager.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/licensewr.c -o build/licensewr.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/process.c -o build/process.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip_port.c -o build/lwip_port.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/smp.c -o build/smp.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/main.c -o build/main.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/memory_manager.c -o build/memory_manager.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/syscall.c -o build/syscall.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/sysfs_init.c -o build/sysfs_init.o
+src/sys/smp.c: In function 'smp_init':
+src/sys/smp.c:171:14: warning: variable 'bsp_index' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
+  171 |     uint32_t bsp_index = 0;
+      |              ^~~~~~~~~
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/nanojpeg.c -o build/nanojpeg.o
-src/kernel/nanojpeg.c: In function 'njGetVLC':
-src/kernel/nanojpeg.c:686:24: warning: left shift of negative value [-Wshift-negative-value]
-  686 |         value += ((-1) << bits) + 1;
-      |                        ^~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/sys/work_queue.c -o build/work_queue.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/network.c -o build/network.o
-src/kernel/network.c: In function 'network_dhcp_acquire':
-src/kernel/network.c:181:9: warning: unused variable 'loops' [-Wunused-variable]
-  181 |     int loops = 0;
-      |         ^~~~~
-src/kernel/network.c: In function 'network_init':
-src/kernel/network.c:97:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[0]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
-   97 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[0], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write(".");
-      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/network.c:92:24: note: 'ip.bytes[0]' was declared here
-   92 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
-      |                        ^~
-src/kernel/network.c:98:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[1]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
-   98 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[1], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write(".");
-      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/network.c:92:24: note: 'ip.bytes[1]' was declared here
-   92 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
-      |                        ^~
-src/kernel/network.c:99:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[2]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
-   99 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[2], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write(".");
-      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/network.c:92:24: note: 'ip.bytes[2]' was declared here
-   92 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
-      |                        ^~
-src/kernel/network.c:100:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[3]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
-  100 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[3], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write("\n");
-      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/network.c:92:24: note: 'ip.bytes[3]' was declared here
-   92 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
-      |                        ^~
+src/sys/sysfs_init.c:11:13: warning: 'sys_itoa' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
+   11 | static void sys_itoa(int n, char *s) {
+      |             ^~~~~~~~
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/nj_kernel.c -o build/nj_kernel.o
+src/sys/syscall.c: In function 'syscall_handler_inner':
+src/sys/syscall.c:493:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
+  493 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
+      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/sys/syscall.c:561:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
+  561 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
+      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/sys/syscall.c:569:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
+  569 |             float slope = *(float*)&slope_bits;
+      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/mem/memory_manager.c -o build/memory_manager.o
+src/sys/syscall.c:695:21: warning: unused variable 'win' [-Wunused-variable]
+  695 |             Window *win = (Window *)arg2;
+      |                     ^~~
+src/sys/syscall.c:725:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
+  725 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
+      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/sys/syscall.c:762:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
+  762 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
+      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/mem/paging.c -o build/paging.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/paging.c -o build/paging.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/mem/vm.c -o build/vm.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/panic.c -o build/panic.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/pci.c -o build/pci.o
-src/kernel/pci.c: In function 'pci_enumerate_devices':
-src/kernel/pci.c:52:31: warning: comparison is always true due to limited range of data type [-Wtype-limits]
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/dev/disk_manager.c -o build/disk_manager.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/dev/ahci.c -o build/ahci.o
+mkdir -p build/
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/dev/pci.c -o build/pci.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/dev/ps2.c -o build/ps2.o
+src/dev/pci.c: In function 'pci_enumerate_devices':
+src/dev/pci.c:52:31: warning: comparison is always true due to limited range of data type [-Wtype-limits]
    52 |     for (uint8_t bus = 0; bus < 256 && count < max_devices; bus++) {
       |                               ^
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/platform.c -o build/platform.o
-mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/process.c -o build/process.o
-mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/ps2.c -o build/ps2.o
-mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/rtc.c -o build/rtc.o
-src/kernel/rtc.c: In function 'rtc_get_datetime':
-src/kernel/rtc.c:28:13: warning: unused variable 'last_century' [-Wunused-variable]
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/dev/rtc.c -o build/rtc.o
+src/dev/rtc.c: In function 'rtc_get_datetime':
+src/dev/rtc.c:28:13: warning: unused variable 'last_century' [-Wunused-variable]
    28 |     uint8_t last_century;
       |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/rtc.c:21:13: warning: unused variable 'century' [-Wunused-variable]
+src/dev/rtc.c:21:13: warning: unused variable 'century' [-Wunused-variable]
    21 |     uint8_t century;
       |             ^~~~~~~
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/syscall.c -o build/syscall.o
-src/kernel/syscall.c: In function 'syscall_handler_inner':
-src/kernel/syscall.c:399:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
-  399 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
-      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/syscall.c:509:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
-  509 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
-      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/syscall.c:528:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
-  528 |             float scale = *(float*)&scale_bits;
-      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/lwip_port.c -o build/lwip_port.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/vm.c -o build/vm.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/network.c -o build/network.o
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/wallpaper.c -o build/wallpaper.o
-src/kernel/wallpaper.c:83:13: warning: 'serial_num' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
-   83 | static void serial_num(int n) {
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~~
 mkdir -p build/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/wm.c -o build/wm.o
-src/kernel/wm.c: In function 'wm_handle_click':
-src/kernel/wm.c:1570:29: warning: this 'if' clause does not guard... [-Wmisleading-indentation]
- 1570 |                             if (col < 0) col = 0; if (row < 0) row = 0;
-      |                             ^~
-src/kernel/wm.c:1570:51: note: ...this statement, but the latter is misleadingly indented as if it were guarded by the 'if'
- 1570 |                             if (col < 0) col = 0; if (row < 0) row = 0;
-      |                                                   ^~
-src/kernel/wm.c: In function 'wm_handle_mouse':
-src/kernel/wm.c:2214:41: warning: this 'if' clause does not guard... [-Wmisleading-indentation]
- 2214 |                                         if (col < 0) col = 0; if (row < 0) row = 0;
-      |                                         ^~
-src/kernel/wm.c:2214:63: note: ...this statement, but the latter is misleadingly indented as if it were guarded by the 'if'
- 2214 |                                         if (col < 0) col = 0; if (row < 0) row = 0;
-      |                                                               ^~
-src/kernel/wm.c: At top level:
-src/kernel/wm.c:1124:13: warning: 'erase_cursor' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
- 1124 | static void erase_cursor(int x, int y) {
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/wm.c:1014:13: warning: 'draw_dock_editor' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
- 1014 | static void draw_dock_editor(int x, int y) {
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/wm.c:87:13: warning: 'cursor_visible' defined but not used [-Wunused-variable]
-   87 | static bool cursor_visible = true;
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-src/kernel/wm.c:84:12: warning: 'desktop_refresh_timer' defined but not used [-Wunused-variable]
-   84 | static int desktop_refresh_timer = 0;
-      |            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/altcp.c -o build/lwip/core/altcp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/altcp_alloc.c -o build/lwip/core/altcp_alloc.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/altcp_tcp.c -o build/lwip/core/altcp_tcp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/def.c -o build/lwip/core/def.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/dns.c -o build/lwip/core/dns.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/inet_chksum.c -o build/lwip/core/inet_chksum.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/init.c -o build/lwip/core/init.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ip.c -o build/lwip/core/ip.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/mem.c -o build/lwip/core/mem.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/memp.c -o build/lwip/core/memp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/netif.c -o build/lwip/core/netif.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/pbuf.c -o build/lwip/core/pbuf.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/raw.c -o build/lwip/core/raw.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/stats.c -o build/lwip/core/stats.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/sys.c -o build/lwip/core/sys.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/tcp.c -o build/lwip/core/tcp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/tcp_in.c -o build/lwip/core/tcp_in.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/tcp_out.c -o build/lwip/core/tcp_out.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/timeouts.c -o build/lwip/core/timeouts.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/udp.c -o build/lwip/core/udp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/autoip.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/autoip.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/dhcp.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/dhcp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/etharp.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/etharp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/icmp.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/icmp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/igmp.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/igmp.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4_addr.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4_addr.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/core/ipv4/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4_frag.c -o build/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4_frag.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/netif/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/netif/ethernet.c -o build/lwip/netif/ethernet.o
-mkdir -p build/lwip/netif/
-x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc/kernel -Isrc/kernel/lwip -c src/kernel/lwip/netif/bridgeif.c -o build/lwip/netif/bridgeif.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/boot.asm -o build/boot.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/gdt_asm.asm -o build/gdt_asm.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/interrupts.asm -o build/interrupts.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/process_asm.asm -o build/process_asm.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/syscalls.asm -o build/syscalls.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/test_syscall.asm -o build/test_syscall.o
-nasm -f elf64 src/kernel/user_test.asm -o build/user_test.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -pie --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -T linker.ld -o build/boredos.elf  build/cmd.o  build/disk_manager.o  build/e1000.o  build/e1000_netif.o  build/elf.o  build/explorer.o  build/fat32.o  build/font_manager.o  build/gdt.o  build/graphics.o  build/idt.o  build/kutils.o  build/licensewr.o  build/lwip_port.o  build/main.o  build/memory_manager.o  build/nanojpeg.o  build/network.o  build/nj_kernel.o  build/paging.o  build/panic.o  build/pci.o  build/platform.o  build/process.o  build/ps2.o  build/rtc.o  build/syscall.o  build/vm.o  build/wallpaper.o  build/wm.o  build/lwip/core/altcp.o  build/lwip/core/altcp_alloc.o  build/lwip/core/altcp_tcp.o  build/lwip/core/def.o  build/lwip/core/dns.o  build/lwip/core/inet_chksum.o  build/lwip/core/init.o  build/lwip/core/ip.o  build/lwip/core/mem.o  build/lwip/core/memp.o  build/lwip/core/netif.o  build/lwip/core/pbuf.o  build/lwip/core/raw.o  build/lwip/core/stats.o  build/lwip/core/sys.o  build/lwip/core/tcp.o  build/lwip/core/tcp_in.o  build/lwip/core/tcp_out.o  build/lwip/core/timeouts.o  build/lwip/core/udp.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/autoip.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/dhcp.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/etharp.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/icmp.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/igmp.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4_addr.o  build/lwip/core/ipv4/ip4_frag.o  build/lwip/netif/ethernet.o  build/lwip/netif/bridgeif.o  build/boot.o  build/gdt_asm.o  build/interrupts.o  build/process_asm.o  build/syscalls.o  build/test_syscall.o  build/user_test.o
-x86_64-elf-ld: warning: build/boredos.elf has a LOAD segment with RWX permissions
-/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/make -C src/kernel/userland
-mkdir -p bin
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c libc/libui.c -o bin/libui.o
-libc/libui.c: In function 'ui_draw_string_scaled':
-libc/libui.c:64:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
-   64 |     uint32_t scale_bits = *(uint32_t*)&scale;
-      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-libc/libui.c: In function 'ui_get_string_width_scaled':
-libc/libui.c:70:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
-   70 |     uint32_t scale_bits = *(uint32_t*)&scale;
-      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-libc/libui.c: In function 'ui_get_font_height_scaled':
-libc/libui.c:75:28: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
-   75 |     uint32_t scale_bits = *(uint32_t*)&scale;
-      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c libc/stdlib.c -o bin/stdlib.o
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c libc/syscall.c -o bin/syscall.o
-nasm -f elf64 crt0.asm -o bin/crt0.o
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c about.c -o bin/about.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/about.o -o bin/about.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c beep.c -o bin/beep.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/beep.o -o bin/beep.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c browser.c -o bin/browser.o
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c nanojpeg.c -o bin/nanojpeg.o
-nanojpeg.c: In function 'njGetVLC':
-nanojpeg.c:685:24: warning: left shift of negative value [-Wshift-negative-value]
-  685 |         value += ((-1) << bits) + 1;
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/nic/e1000.c -o build/e1000.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/nic/nic.c -o build/nic.o
+src/net/network.c: In function 'network_dhcp_acquire':
+src/net/network.c:186:9: warning: unused variable 'loops' [-Wunused-variable]
+  186 |     int loops = 0;
+      |         ^~~~~
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/nic/nic_netif.c -o build/nic_netif.o
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/nic/rtl8111.c -o build/rtl8111.o
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/nic/rtl8139.c -o build/rtl8139.o
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/net/nic/virtio_net.c -o build/virtio_net.o
+mkdir -p build/
+src/net/network.c: In function 'network_init':
+src/net/network.c:93:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[0]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
+   93 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[0], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write(".");
+      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/net/network.c:88:24: note: 'ip.bytes[0]' was declared here
+   88 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
       |                        ^~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/browser.o bin/nanojpeg.o -o bin/browser.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c calculator.c -o bin/calculator.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/calculator.o -o bin/calculator.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c cat.c -o bin/cat.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/cat.o -o bin/cat.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c cc.c -o bin/cc.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/cc.o -o bin/cc.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c clear.c -o bin/clear.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/clear.o -o bin/clear.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c clock.c -o bin/clock.o
-clock.c: In function 'clock_paint':
-clock.c:89:36: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'tab_t' and 'int' [-Wsign-compare]
-   89 |         uint32_t bg = (current_tab == i) ? COLOR_TAB_ACTIVE : COLOR_DARK_PANEL;
-      |                                    ^~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/clock.o -o bin/clock.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c cowsay.c -o bin/cowsay.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/cowsay.o -o bin/cowsay.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c cp.c -o bin/cp.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/cp.o -o bin/cp.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c crash.c -o bin/crash.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/crash.o -o bin/crash.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c curl.c -o bin/curl.o
-curl.c: In function 'main':
-curl.c:60:9: warning: unused variable 'host_len' [-Wunused-variable]
-   60 |     int host_len = i;
-      |         ^~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/curl.o -o bin/curl.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c date.c -o bin/date.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/date.o -o bin/date.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c echo.c -o bin/echo.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/echo.o -o bin/echo.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c hello.c -o bin/hello.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/hello.o -o bin/hello.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c help.c -o bin/help.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/help.o -o bin/help.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c ls.c -o bin/ls.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/ls.o -o bin/ls.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c man.c -o bin/man.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/man.o -o bin/man.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c markdown.c -o bin/markdown.o
-markdown.c:59:12: warning: 'md_strncpy' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
-   59 | static int md_strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, int n) {
-      |            ^~~~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/markdown.o -o bin/markdown.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c math.c -o bin/math.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/math.o -o bin/math.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c meminfo.c -o bin/meminfo.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/meminfo.o -o bin/meminfo.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c minesweeper.c -o bin/minesweeper.o
-minesweeper.c: In function 'minesweeper_handle_click':
-minesweeper.c:195:50: warning: unused parameter 'win' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  195 | static void minesweeper_handle_click(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, int button) {
-      |                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~
-minesweeper.c: At top level:
-minesweeper.c:17:13: warning: 'debug_print' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
-   17 | static void debug_print(const char *msg) {
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/minesweeper.o -o bin/minesweeper.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c mkdir.c -o bin/mkdir.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/mkdir.o -o bin/mkdir.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c mv.c -o bin/mv.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/mv.o -o bin/mv.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c net.c -o bin/net.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/net.o -o bin/net.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c notepad.c -o bin/notepad.o
-notepad.c: In function 'notepad_key':
-notepad.c:149:37: warning: unused parameter 'win' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  149 | static void notepad_key(ui_window_t win, int h, char c) {
-      |                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~
-notepad.c: In function 'main':
-notepad.c:234:14: warning: unused parameter 'argc' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  234 | int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-      |          ~~~~^~~~
-notepad.c:234:27: warning: unused parameter 'argv' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  234 | int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-      |                    ~~~~~~~^~~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/notepad.o -o bin/notepad.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c paint.c -o bin/paint.o
-paint.c: In function 'wm_show_message':
-paint.c:156:41: warning: unused parameter 'title' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  156 | static void wm_show_message(const char *title, const char *msg) {
-      |                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~
-paint.c:156:60: warning: unused parameter 'msg' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  156 | static void wm_show_message(const char *title, const char *msg) {
-      |                                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~
-paint.c: At top level:
-paint.c:38:13: warning: 'debug_print' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
-   38 | static void debug_print(const char *msg) {
-      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/paint.o -o bin/paint.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c pci_list.c -o bin/pci_list.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/pci_list.o -o bin/pci_list.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c ping.c -o bin/ping.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/ping.o -o bin/ping.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c pwd.c -o bin/pwd.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/pwd.o -o bin/pwd.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c reboot.c -o bin/reboot.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/reboot.o -o bin/reboot.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c rm.c -o bin/rm.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/rm.o -o bin/rm.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c settings.c -o bin/settings.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/settings.o bin/nanojpeg.o -o bin/settings.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c shutdown.c -o bin/shutdown.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/shutdown.o -o bin/shutdown.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c sweden.c -o bin/sweden.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/sweden.o -o bin/sweden.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c sysfetch.c -o bin/sysfetch.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/sysfetch.o -o bin/sysfetch.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c telnet.c -o bin/telnet.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/telnet.o -o bin/telnet.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c touch.c -o bin/touch.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/touch.o -o bin/touch.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c txtedit.c -o bin/txtedit.o
-txtedit.c: In function 'editor_paint':
-txtedit.c:330:10: warning: unused variable 'status_text' [-Wunused-variable]
-  330 |     char status_text[128];
-      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/txtedit.o -o bin/txtedit.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c uptime.c -o bin/uptime.o
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/uptime.o -o bin/uptime.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -c viewer.c -o bin/viewer.o
-viewer.c: In function 'viewer_handle_click':
-viewer.c:104:45: warning: unused parameter 'win' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  104 | static void viewer_handle_click(ui_window_t win, int x, int y) {
-      |                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~
-x86_64-elf-ld -m elf_x86_64 -nostdlib -static -no-pie -Ttext=0x40000000 --no-dynamic-linker -z text -z max-page-size=0x1000 -e _start bin/libui.o bin/stdlib.o bin/syscall.o bin/crt0.o bin/viewer.o bin/nanojpeg.o -o bin/viewer.elf
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -Wno-error -Idoom -c doom/am_map.c -o bin/am_map.o
-doom/am_map.c: In function 'AM_initVariables':
-doom/am_map.c:427:5: warning: missing initializer for field 'data4' of 'event_t' [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
-  427 |     static event_t st_notify = { ev_keyup, AM_MSGENTERED, 0, 0 };
-      |     ^~~~~~
-In file included from doom/st_stuff.h:25,
-                 from doom/am_map.c:27:
-doom/d_event.h:67:30: note: 'data4' declared here
-   67 |     int data1, data2, data3, data4;
-      |                              ^~~~~
-doom/am_map.c: In function 'AM_Stop':
-doom/am_map.c:543:5: warning: missing initializer for field 'data4' of 'event_t' [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
-  543 |     static event_t st_notify = { 0, ev_keyup, AM_MSGEXITED, 0 };
-      |     ^~~~~~
-doom/d_event.h:67:30: note: 'data4' declared here
-   67 |     int data1, data2, data3, data4;
-      |                              ^~~~~
-doom/am_map.c: In function 'AM_drawThings':
-doom/am_map.c:1293:9: warning: unused parameter 'colorrange' [-Wunused-parameter]
- 1293 |   int   colorrange)
-      |   ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
-x86_64-elf-gcc -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -O2 -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fno-pie -m64 -march=x86-64 -mno-80387 -mno-mmx -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mno-red-zone -Ilibc -Wno-error -Idoom -c doom/boredos_libc.c -o bin/boredos_libc.o
-doom/boredos_libc.c:6:27: error: 'false' undeclared here (not in a function)
-    6 | static FILE _stderr = {2, false, false};
-      |                           ^~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:3:1: note: 'false' is defined in header '<stdbool.h>'; this is probably fixable by adding '#include <stdbool.h>'
-    2 | #include <syscall.h>
-  +++ |+#include <stdbool.h>
-    3 | 
-doom/boredos_libc.c:6:1: warning: missing initializer for field 'eof' of 'FILE' [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
-    6 | static FILE _stderr = {2, false, false};
-      | ^~~~~~
-In file included from doom/boredos_libc.c:1:
-doom/boredos_libc.h:17:9: note: 'eof' declared here
-   17 |     int eof;
-      |         ^~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:7:1: warning: missing initializer for field 'eof' of 'FILE' [-Wmissing-field-initializers]
-    7 | static FILE _stdout = {1, false, false};
-      | ^~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.h:17:9: note: 'eof' declared here
-   17 |     int eof;
-      |         ^~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'fread':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:37:25: error: 'true' undeclared (first use in this function)
-   37 |         stream->error = true;
-      |                         ^~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:37:25: note: 'true' is defined in header '<stdbool.h>'; this is probably fixable by adding '#include <stdbool.h>'
-doom/boredos_libc.c:37:25: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'fwrite':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:52:25: error: 'true' undeclared (first use in this function)
-   52 |         stream->error = true;
-      |                         ^~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:52:25: note: 'true' is defined in header '<stdbool.h>'; this is probably fixable by adding '#include <stdbool.h>'
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'rename':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:73:24: warning: unused parameter 'oldpath' [-Wunused-parameter]
-   73 | int rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath) {
-      |            ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:73:45: warning: unused parameter 'newpath' [-Wunused-parameter]
-   73 | int rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath) {
-      |                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'mkdir':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:94:37: warning: unused parameter 'mode' [-Wunused-parameter]
-   94 | int mkdir(const char *pathname, int mode) {
-      |                                 ~~~~^~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'access':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:98:38: warning: unused parameter 'mode' [-Wunused-parameter]
-   98 | int access(const char *pathname, int mode) {
-      |                                  ~~~~^~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'fprintf':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:179:19: warning: unused parameter 'stream' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  179 | int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |             ~~~~~~^~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:179:39: warning: unused parameter 'format' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  179 | int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'sprintf':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:180:19: warning: unused parameter 'str' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  180 | int sprintf(char *str, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |             ~~~~~~^~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:180:36: warning: unused parameter 'format' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  180 | int sprintf(char *str, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'snprintf':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:181:20: warning: unused parameter 'str' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  181 | int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |              ~~~~~~^~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:181:32: warning: unused parameter 'size' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  181 | int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |                         ~~~~~~~^~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:181:50: warning: unused parameter 'format' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  181 | int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'vsnprintf':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:182:21: warning: unused parameter 'str' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  182 | int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap) { return 0; }
-      |               ~~~~~~^~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:182:33: warning: unused parameter 'size' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  182 | int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap) { return 0; }
-      |                          ~~~~~~~^~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:182:51: warning: unused parameter 'format' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  182 | int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap) { return 0; }
-      |                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:182:67: warning: unused parameter 'ap' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  182 | int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap) { return 0; }
-      |                                                           ~~~~~~~~^~
-doom/boredos_libc.c: In function 'sscanf':
-doom/boredos_libc.c:183:24: warning: unused parameter 'str' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  183 | int sscanf(const char *str, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |            ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~
-doom/boredos_libc.c:183:41: warning: unused parameter 'format' [-Wunused-parameter]
-  183 | int sscanf(const char *str, const char *format, ...) { return 0; }
-      |                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~
-make[1]: *** [bin/boredos_libc.o] Error 1
-rm bin/pwd.o bin/minesweeper.o bin/ls.o bin/echo.o bin/pci_list.o bin/date.o bin/mkdir.o bin/help.o bin/markdown.o bin/cc.o bin/sweden.o bin/rm.o bin/notepad.o bin/man.o bin/clock.o bin/clear.o bin/cat.o bin/cp.o bin/paint.o bin/crash.o bin/reboot.o bin/beep.o bin/meminfo.o bin/net.o bin/calculator.o bin/cowsay.o bin/telnet.o bin/hello.o bin/math.o bin/curl.o bin/uptime.o bin/about.o bin/sysfetch.o bin/ping.o bin/mv.o bin/txtedit.o bin/touch.o bin/shutdown.o
-make: *** [build/boredos.elf] Error 2
+src/net/network.c:94:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[1]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
+   94 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[1], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write(".");
+      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/net/network.c:88:24: note: 'ip.bytes[1]' was declared here
+   88 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
+      |                        ^~
+src/net/network.c:95:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[2]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
+   95 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[2], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write(".");
+      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/net/network.c:88:24: note: 'ip.bytes[2]' was declared here
+   88 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
+      |                        ^~
+src/net/network.c:96:9: warning: 'ip.bytes[3]' may be used uninitialized [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
+   96 |         k_itoa(ip.bytes[3], buf); serial_write(buf); serial_write("\n");
+      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/net/network.c:88:24: note: 'ip.bytes[3]' was declared here
+   88 |         ipv4_address_t ip;
+      |                        ^~
+src/net/nic/rtl8111.c: In function 'rtl8111_init':
+src/net/nic/rtl8111.c:67:14: warning: unused variable 'bar2' [-Wunused-variable]
+   67 |     uint32_t bar2 = pci_read_config(pci_dev->bus, pci_dev->device, pci_dev->function, 0x18);
+      |              ^~~~
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/fs/fat32.c -o build/fat32.o
+mkdir -p build/
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/fs/procfs.c -o build/procfs.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/fs/sysfs.c -o build/sysfs.o
+src/fs/fat32.c: In function 'realfs_delete_from_vol':
+src/fs/fat32.c:1110:14: warning: variable 'entry_offset' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
+ 1110 |     uint32_t entry_offset = 0;
+      |              ^~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/fat32.c:1109:14: warning: variable 'entry_sector' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
+ 1109 |     uint32_t entry_sector = 0;
+      |              ^~~~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c: In function 'sysfs_open':
+src/fs/sysfs.c:12:31: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   12 | static void* sysfs_open(void *fs_private, const char *path, const char *mode) {
+      |                         ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c:12:73: warning: unused parameter 'mode' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   12 | static void* sysfs_open(void *fs_private, const char *path, const char *mode) {
+      |                                                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c: In function 'sysfs_close':
+src/fs/sysfs.c:43:31: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   43 | static void sysfs_close(void *fs_private, void *handle) {
+      |                         ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c: In function 'sysfs_read':
+src/fs/sysfs.c:47:29: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   47 | static int sysfs_read(void *fs_private, void *handle, void *buf, int size) {
+      |                       ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c: In function 'sysfs_write':
+src/fs/sysfs.c:56:30: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   56 | static int sysfs_write(void *fs_private, void *handle, const void *buf, int size) {
+      |                        ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c: In function 'sysfs_readdir':
+src/fs/sysfs.c:86:49: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'size_t' {aka 'long unsigned int'} and 'int' [-Wsign-compare]
+   86 |         if (path_len == 0 || (k_strlen(s->name) > path_len && k_strncmp(s->name, path, path_len) == 0 && s->name[path_len] == '/')) {
+      |                                                 ^
+src/fs/sysfs.c:65:32: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   65 | static int sysfs_readdir(void *fs_private, const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max) {
+      |                          ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/sysfs.c: In function 'sysfs_exists':
+src/fs/sysfs.c:142:31: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'size_t' {aka 'long unsigned int'} and 'int' [-Wsign-compare]
+  142 |         if (k_strlen(s->name) > path_len && k_strncmp(s->name, path, path_len) == 0 && s->name[path_len] == '/') return true;
+      |                               ^
+src/fs/sysfs.c:116:32: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+  116 | static bool sysfs_exists(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+      |                          ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_open':
+src/fs/procfs.c:15:25: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   15 | void* procfs_open(void *fs_private, const char *path, const char *mode) {
+      |                   ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c:15:67: warning: unused parameter 'mode' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   15 | void* procfs_open(void *fs_private, const char *path, const char *mode) {
+      |                                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_close':
+src/fs/procfs.c:50:25: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   50 | void procfs_close(void *fs_private, void *handle) {
+      |                   ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_read':
+src/fs/procfs.c:54:23: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+   54 | int procfs_read(void *fs_private, void *handle, void *buf, int size) {
+      |                 ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_write':
+src/fs/procfs.c:178:24: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+  178 | int procfs_write(void *fs_private, void *handle, const void *buf, int size) {
+      |                  ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_readdir':
+src/fs/procfs.c:200:26: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+  200 | int procfs_readdir(void *fs_private, const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max) {
+      |                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_exists':
+src/fs/procfs.c:241:26: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+  241 | bool procfs_exists(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+      |                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+src/fs/procfs.c: In function 'procfs_is_dir':
+src/fs/procfs.c:264:26: warning: unused parameter 'fs_private' [-Wunused-parameter]
+  264 | bool procfs_is_dir(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+      |                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/fs/tar.c -o build/tar.o
+mkdir -p build/
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/fs/vfs.c -o build/vfs.o
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/wm/cmd.c -o build/cmd.o
+mkdir -p build/
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/wm/explorer.c -o build/explorer.o
+src/wm/cmd.c: In function 'internal_cmd_cd':
+src/wm/cmd.c:1014:13: error: too few arguments to function 'vfs_normalize_path'; expected 3, have 2
+ 1014 |             vfs_normalize_path(full_path, normalized_path);
+      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+In file included from src/wm/cmd.c:11:
+src/fs/vfs.h:111:6: note: declared here
+  111 | void vfs_normalize_path(const char *cwd, const char *path, char *normalized);
+      |      ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+mkdir -p build/
+make: *** [build/cmd.o] Error 1
+make: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
+x86_64-elf-gcc -g -O2 -pipe -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-lto -fPIE -m64 -march=x86-64 -msse -msse2 -mstackrealign -mno-red-zone -Isrc -Isrc/net/lwip -Isrc/core -Isrc/sys -Isrc/mem -Isrc/dev -Isrc/net -Isrc/net/nic -Isrc/fs -Isrc/wm -c src/wm/font_manager.c -o build/font_manager.o
+src/wm/explorer.c: In function 'explorer_draw_file_icon':
+src/wm/explorer.c:885:73: warning: unused parameter 'color' [-Wunused-parameter]
+  885 | static void explorer_draw_file_icon(int x, int y, bool is_dir, uint32_t color, const char *filename, const char *current_path) {
+      |                                                                ~~~~~~~~~^~~~~
+src/wm/explorer.c: In function 'explorer_paint':
+src/wm/explorer.c:922:15: warning: unused variable 'dirty' [-Wunused-variable]
+  922 |     DirtyRect dirty = graphics_get_dirty_rect();
+      |               ^~~~~
+In file included from src/wm/font_manager.c:4:
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FreeShape':
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h:2672:54: warning: unused parameter 'info' [-Wunused-parameter]
+ 2672 | STBTT_DEF void stbtt_FreeShape(const stbtt_fontinfo *info, stbtt_vertex *v)
+      |                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt__hheap_alloc':
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h:2770:70: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
+ 2770 | static void *stbtt__hheap_alloc(stbtt__hheap *hh, size_t size, void *userdata)
+      |                                                                ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt__hheap_cleanup':
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h:2797:58: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
+ 2797 | static void stbtt__hheap_cleanup(stbtt__hheap *hh, void *userdata)
+      |                                                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FlattenCurves':
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h:3618:154: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
+ 3618 | static stbtt__point *stbtt_FlattenCurves(stbtt_vertex *vertices, int num_verts, float objspace_flatness, int **contour_lengths, int *num_contours, void *userdata)
+      |                                                                                                                                                    ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FreeBitmap':
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h:3708:62: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
+ 3708 | STBTT_DEF void stbtt_FreeBitmap(unsigned char *bitmap, void *userdata)
+      |                                                        ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h: In function 'stbtt_FreeSDF':
+src/wm/stb_truetype.h:4767:59: warning: unused parameter 'userdata' [-Wunused-parameter]
+ 4767 | STBTT_DEF void stbtt_FreeSDF(unsigned char *bitmap, void *userdata)
+      |                                                     ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
+src/wm/font_manager.c: In function 'font_manager_load':
+src/wm/font_manager.c:112:9: warning: unused variable 'read' [-Wunused-variable]
+  112 |     int read = fat32_read(fh, buffer, fsize);
+      |         ^~~~

docs/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>BoredOS Documentation</h1>
+  <p><em>Internal guides, architecture, and application development.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+Welcome to the internal documentation for BoredOS! This directory contains detailed guides on how the OS functions, how to build it, and how to develop applications for it.
+
+## 📚 Table of Contents
+
+The documentation is organized into three main categories:
+
+### 1. 🏗️ [Architecture](architecture/)
+Explains the logical layout of the kernel and internal components.
+-   [`Core`](architecture/core.md): Kernel source layout and the boot process (Limine, Multiboot2).
+-   [`Memory`](architecture/memory.md): Physical Memory Management (PMM) and Virtual Memory Management (VMM).
+-   [`Filesystem`](architecture/filesystem.md): Virtual File System (VFS) and the RAM-based FAT32 simulation.
+-   [`Window Manager`](architecture/window_manager.md): How the built-in Window Manager natively handles graphics, events, and compositing.
+
+### 2. 🔨 [Building and Deployment](build/)
+Instructions for compiling the OS from source.
+-   [`Toolchain`](build/toolchain.md): Prerequisites and cross-compiler setup (`x86_64-elf-gcc`, `nasm`, `xorriso`).
+-   [`Usage`](build/usage.md): Understanding the Makefile targets, QEMU emulation, and flashing to bare metal hardware.
+
+### 3. 🚀 [Application Development](appdev/)
+The SDK and toolchain guides for creating your own `.elf` userland binaries.
+-   [`SDK Reference`](appdev/sdk_reference.md): Explanation of the custom `libc` wrappers (`stdlib.h`, `string.h`) and system calls.
+-   [`UI API`](appdev/ui_api.md): Drawing on the screen, creating windows, and polling the event loop using `libui.h`.
+-   [`Widget API`](appdev/widget_api.md): High-level UI components like buttons, textboxes, and scrollbars using `libwidget.h`.
+-   [`Custom Apps`](appdev/custom_apps.md): A step-by-step tutorial on writing a new graphical C application, editing the Makefile, and bundling it into the ISO.
+-   [`Example Apps`](appdev/examples/README.md): A collection of sample C applications ranging from basic terminal output to advanced TCP networking.
+-   [`Grapher`](appdev/grapher.md): Full reference for the built-in mathematical graphing application — equation syntax, keyboard controls, architecture, and configuration.
+
+---

docs/appdev/custom_apps.md

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Creating a Custom App</h1>
+  <p><em>A step-by-step tutorial on writing a new graphical C application.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+This guide explains how to write a new "Hello World" application locally, compile it as an `.elf` binary into the `bin/` folder, and launch it inside BoredOS.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> **Looking for working code?** Check out the [Examples Directory](examples/README.md) for full source code demonstrating basic CLI, Windows, Animations, and TCP Networking.
+
+## Step 1: Write the C Source
+
+Applications reside entirely in the `src/userland/` directory. Create a new file, for example, `src/userland/gui/hello.c`.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> Group CLI apps into `src/userland/cli/` and windowed apps into `src/userland/gui/` for organization.
+
+```c
+// src/userland/gui/hello.c
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <libui.h>
+#include <syscall.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Attempt to open a 300x200 window
+    ui_window_t wid = ui_window_create("My Custom App", 100, 100, 300, 200);
+    if (wid < 0) {
+        printf("Error creating window!\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    
+    // Write text in center
+    ui_draw_string(wid, 50, 90, "Hello, BoredOS!!", 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    
+    // Commit drawing to screen
+    ui_mark_dirty(wid, 0, 0, 300, 200);
+
+    gui_event_t event;
+    while (1) {
+        if (ui_get_event(wid, &event)) {
+            if (event.type == GUI_EVENT_CLOSE) {
+                break; // Exit loop if 'X' is clicked
+            }
+        }
+        
+        sys_yield();
+    }
+
+    return 0; // Returning 0 smoothly exits the process via crt0.asm
+}
+```
+
+## Step 2: Edit the Makefile
+
+Now you need to tell the build system to compile `hello.c`. Fortunately, the `src/userland/Makefile` is designed to detect new C files largely automatically!
+
+1.  Open `src/userland/Makefile`.
+2.  Find the line specifying `APP_SOURCES_FULL`:
+    ```make
+    APP_SOURCES_FULL = $(wildcard cli/*.c gui/*.c sys/*.c games/*.c *.c)
+    ```
+    Since you placed the file in `gui/hello.c`, the wildcard logic will pick it up automatically.
+3.  The Makefile will generate `bin/hello.elf` during the build phase.
+
+## Step 3: Bundle it into the OS
+
+The main overarching `Makefile` (in the project root) takes binaries from `src/userland/bin/*.elf` and places them into the `iso_root/bin/` directory, while also adding them to `limine.conf` as loadable boot modules.
+
+1.  Go back to the root of the OS:
+    ```sh
+    cd ../..
+    ```
+2.  Compile the entire project to build the ISO and test in QEMU:
+    ```sh
+    make clean && make run
+    ```
+
+## Step 4: Run it inside BoredOS
+
+1.  When BoredOS boots, launch the **Terminal** application.
+2.  The OS automatically maps built applications to standard shell commands. Simply type your application's filename (without the `.elf` extension).
+3.  Type `hello` in the terminal and press Enter.
+4.  Your custom window will appear!
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> You can also open your app by opening the file explorer, navigating to the `bin` directory, and double-clicking the executable.
+
+---

docs/appdev/examples/01_hello_cli.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Example 01: Hello CLI</h1>
+  <p><em>The absolute basics. Writing a terminal program.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+This example demonstrates the bare minimum structure of a BoredOS application that outputs text to the standard output (usually the Terminal executing the binary).
+
+## 📝 Concepts Introduced
+* Including `stdlib.h` for basic IO.
+* The `main()` entry point.
+* Using `printf()` for formatted output.
+
+---
+
+## 💻 The Code (`src/userland/cli/hello_world.c`)
+
+```c
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    // Standard library initialization is handled automatically by crt0.asm
+    
+    // Print a simple string to the terminal
+    printf("Hello, World from BoredOS Userland!\n");
+    
+    // Print some formatted data
+    int favorite_number = 67;
+    printf("Did you know my favorite number is %d?\n", favorite_number);
+    
+    // Returning from main automatically terminates the process cleanly
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+## 🛠️ How it Works
+
+1.  **`#include <stdlib.h>`**: We include the SDK's standard library header which gives us access to `printf`.
+2.  **`int main(...)`**: Every process begins execution here (managed transparently by `crt0.asm`).
+3.  **`printf(...)`**: The SDK routes this call internally directly to the `SYS_WRITE` system call, making it available on the terminal.
+4.  **`return 0`**: A successful exit code. 
+
+## 🚀 Running It
+
+If you build the project, you can open the Terminal and type:
+```sh
+/ # hello_world
+Hello, World from BoredOS Userland!
+Did you know my favorite number is 67?
+/ # 
+```

docs/appdev/examples/02_basic_window.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Example 02: Basic Window</h1>
+  <p><em>An introduction to libui and creating graphical apps.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+This example demonstrates how to create an empty window that stays active on the screen until the user explicitly closes it by clicking the 'X' button.
+
+## 📝 Concepts Introduced
+* Including `libui.h` and the event structure.
+* Creating a `ui_window_t` handle.
+* Creating an infinite event loop using `ui_get_event()`.
+* Yielding CPU time to the kernel via `sys_yield()`.
+
+---
+
+## 💻 The Code (`src/userland/gui/basic_window.c`)
+
+```c
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <libui.h>
+#include <syscall.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    // 1. Ask the Window Manager to create a new window
+    // Arguments are: Title, X Position, Y Position, Width, Height
+    ui_window_t wid = ui_window_create("My First GUI", 100, 100, 400, 300);
+    
+    if (wid < 0) {
+        printf("Failed to create the window!\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // 2. Define our event object
+    gui_event_t event;
+
+    // 3. Enter the main event loop
+    while (1) {
+        // ui_get_event is non-blocking. It returns true if an event was waiting.
+        if (ui_get_event(wid, &event)) {
+            
+            // Check what type of event occurred
+            if (event.type == GUI_EVENT_CLOSE) {
+                // The user clicked the 'X' button in the titlebar!
+                printf("Window closed cleanly by user.\n");
+                break; // Break the infinite loop
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 4. CRITICAL: Yield the remainder of our timeslice
+        // If we don't do this, the while(1) loop will consume 100% of the CPU
+        // and starve the rest of the OS!
+        sys_yield();
+    }
+
+    // Returning from main will automatically destroy the window and exit the process.
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+## 🛠️ How it Works
+
+1.  **Window Handle (`wid`)**: `ui_window_create` sends a request to the kernel. The kernel allocates the memory for the window and returns a numerical ID (the handle) that we use for all future interactions with that specific window.
+2.  **The Event Loop**: Graphical programs run forever until closed. The `while (1)` loop serves this purpose.
+3.  **Polling**: `ui_get_event` asks the kernel, "Hey, did the user click my window or press a key since the last time I asked?". It is non-blocking, so it immediately returns `false` if nothing happened.
+4.  **CPU Yielding**: Since we are constantly polling in a tight loop, we call `sys_yield()` at the end of the loop frame. This politely tells the OS scheduler, "I'm done checking for events, go ahead and let another program run for a bit."
+
+## 🚀 Running It
+
+Launch the Terminal and type `basic_window`. You'll see an empty window appear that you can move around the screen!

docs/appdev/examples/03_bouncing_ball.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Example 03: Bouncing Ball</h1>
+  <p><em>Animating graphics and managing application state.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+This example builds upon the `02_basic_window` guide. It demonstrates how to constantly update the screen to simulate a bouncing square moving freely inside the window bounds.
+
+## 📝 Concepts Introduced
+* Maintaining application state across frames (Velocity/Position).
+* Drawing primitives (`ui_fill_rect`, `ui_draw_string`).
+* The importance of clearing the screen on a new frame.
+* Explicitly forcing standard visual updates via `ui_mark_dirty()`.
+
+---
+
+## 💻 The Code (`src/userland/gui/bounce.c`)
+
+```c
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <libui.h>
+#include <syscall.h>
+
+// Window Dimensions
+#define W_WIDTH  400
+#define W_HEIGHT 300
+// Square Dimensions
+#define SQ_SIZE  30
+
+int main(void) {
+    ui_window_t wid = ui_window_create("Bouncing Box Animation", 50, 50, W_WIDTH, W_HEIGHT);
+    if (wid < 0) return 1;
+
+    // Define object state variables
+    int pos_x = 50;
+    int pos_y = 50;
+    int vel_x = 2; // Move 2 pixels per frame horizontally
+    int vel_y = 2; // Move 2 pixels per frame vertically
+
+    gui_event_t event;
+    while (1) {
+        // 1. Process Events
+        while (ui_get_event(wid, &event)) {
+            if (event.type == GUI_EVENT_CLOSE) {
+                return 0; // Exit cleanly
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2. Physics & Logic Update
+        pos_x += vel_x;
+        pos_y += vel_y;
+
+        // Collision logic (Bounce off edges)
+        // The window has a 20px title bar, so the usable client height is W_HEIGHT - 20.
+        if (pos_x <= 0 || pos_x + SQ_SIZE >= W_WIDTH) {
+            vel_x = -vel_x; // Reverse horizontal direction
+        }
+        if (pos_y <= 0 || pos_y + SQ_SIZE >= W_HEIGHT - 20) {
+            vel_y = -vel_y; // Reverse vertical direction
+        }
+
+        // 3. Rendering Update
+        // Step A: Clear the entire background to Black (0xFF000000)
+        ui_draw_rect(wid, 0, 0, W_WIDTH, W_HEIGHT, 0xFF000000);
+
+        // Step B: Draw our shape in Red (0xFFFF0000) at the new position
+        ui_draw_rect(wid, pos_x, pos_y, SQ_SIZE, SQ_SIZE, 0xFFFF0000);
+        
+        // Step C: Draw some UI text over the animation in White
+        ui_draw_string(wid, 10, 10, "BoredOS Animation Demo!", 0xFFFFFFFF);
+
+        // Step D: Instruct the compositor to flush our drawing buffer to the physical screen
+        ui_mark_dirty(wid, 0, 0, W_WIDTH, W_HEIGHT);
+
+        // 4. Yield and throttle
+        sys_yield();
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+## 🛠️ How it Works
+
+1.  **State Management**: We store `pos_x`, `pos_y`, `vel_x`, and `vel_y`. These variables represent the "physics" of our system. Notice that they update *outside* the event-checking logic so that the animation runs even if the user isn't clicking the mouse.
+2.  **Screen Clearing**: We *must* fill the screen with black (`ui_draw_rect(wid, 0, 0, W_WIDTH, W_HEIGHT, ...)`). If we don't clear the screen, the red square will leave a permanent trailing smear everywhere it goes!
+3.  **The Double Buffer**: `ui_draw_rect` and `ui_draw_string` do not immediately appear on your monitor. They just color a hidden buffer within the kernel. 
+4.  **`ui_mark_dirty`**: This is the crucial command that tells the kernel Window Manager, "I'm done drawing my frame. Can you quickly copy my hidden buffer over to the real screen now?"
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> Because `sys_yield()`'s pause duration depends heavily on CPU load and how many other processes are running (or QEMU emulation speed), tying physics/movement strictly to loops can make the game run faster on faster computers. Advanced developers will want to calculate delta time (time elapsed since the last frame) for smooth motion.

docs/appdev/examples/04_tcp_client.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Example 04: TCP HTTP Client</h1>
+  <p><em>Utilizing lwIP to establish an outbound TCP connection.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+This advanced example demonstrates the steps required to use the raw network system calls to establish a connection with an external HTTP server and dump the response over the terminal.
+
+## 📝 Concepts Introduced
+* Verifying the network state (`sys_network_is_initialized`, `sys_network_has_ip`).
+* Performing DNS lookups manually via `sys_dns_lookup`.
+* Managing strict TCP flow logic (`sys_tcp_connect`, send, block for receive).
+* Using the terminal `SYS_WRITE` output for debugging.
+
+---
+
+## 💻 The Code (`src/userland/cli/http_get.c`)
+
+```c
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <syscall.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+  if (!sys_network_is_initialized() || !sys_network_has_ip()) {
+    printf("Network is unreachable! Make sure you inited the network first!\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // 1. Resolve host name to IP
+  const char *target_host = "boreddev.nl";
+  net_ipv4_address_t server_ip;
+
+  printf("Resolving %s...\n", target_host);
+  if (sys_dns_lookup(target_host, &server_ip) < 0) {
+    printf("DNS Lookup failed.\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+  printf("Resolved to: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", server_ip.bytes[0], server_ip.bytes[1],
+         server_ip.bytes[2], server_ip.bytes[3]);
+
+  // 2. Establish a TCP connection on port 80 (HTTP)
+  printf("Connecting...\n");
+  if (sys_tcp_connect(&server_ip, 80) < 0) {
+    printf("Connection failed.\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+  printf("Connected! Sending GET request...\n");
+
+  // 3. Format and send the raw HTTP Request
+  char request[256];
+  strcpy(request, "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: ");
+  strcat(request, target_host);
+  strcat(request, "\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n");
+
+  if (sys_tcp_send(request, strlen(request)) < 0) {
+    printf("Failed to send data.\n");
+    sys_tcp_close();
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // 4. Block and wait for response data
+  char recv_buf[512];
+  int bytes_received;
+
+  printf("\n--- RESPONSE ---\n");
+  while ((bytes_received = sys_tcp_recv(recv_buf, sizeof(recv_buf) - 1)) > 0) {
+    recv_buf[bytes_received] = '\0'; // Null-terminate the chunk
+    printf("%s", recv_buf);          // Print the chunk to stdout
+  }
+
+  // 5. Cleanup
+  printf("\n--- END RESPONSE ---\n");
+  sys_tcp_close();
+  printf("Connection closed.\n");
+
+  return 0;
+}
+```
+
+## 🛠️ How it Works
+
+1.  **Network Setup**: First, we must ensure the host machine or QEMU environment gave BoredOS a valid IP address via DHCP. The `sys_network_has_ip()` check prevents our app from hanging trying to route data to nowhere.
+2.  **DNS (`sys_dns_lookup`)**: Since we want to connect to a domain name, not a raw IP, we query the DNS server configured by the OS (which it received via DHCP).
+3.  **Connection (`sys_tcp_connect`)**: We block the application thread while the OS performs the 3-way TCP handshake over port 80.
+4.  **Payload (`sys_tcp_send`)**: We format a compliant HTTP/1.1 payload representing a simple GET request for the root directory `/`.
+5.  **Chunked Receiving (`sys_tcp_recv`)**: The server's response might be larger than our `recv_buf` (512 bytes). Therefore, we loop. `sys_tcp_recv` blocks execution until data arrives. If it returns `0`, the remote server cleanly closed the connection (which happens automatically because we specified `Connection: close` in our request payload!).
+
+## 🚀 Running It
+
+Make sure QEMU is running with networking enabled. Launch the terminal and type `http_get`. You will see the raw headers and HTML source of the target webpage scroll down the CLI interface!

docs/appdev/examples/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Example Applications</h1>
+  <p><em>From basic output to complex Graphical and Network applications.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+Welcome to the examples directory! These guides are designed to help you understand how to write C applications for the BoredOS userland, utilizing the custom `libc` SDK. 
+
+The examples are listed in order of increasing complexity. Click on a tutorial to view the complete source code and an explanation of the concepts it introduces.
+
+## 🟢 Beginner
+
+*   **[`01_hello_cli.md`](01_hello_cli.md)**: The absolute basics. Learn how to write a simple Terminal program that outputs text and processes standard system calls.
+*   **[`02_basic_window.md`](02_basic_window.md)**: An introduction to `libui.h`. Learn how to create an empty window, set up a basic event loop, and handle the "Close" button cleanly.
+
+## 🟡 Intermediate
+
+*   **[`03_bouncing_ball.md`](03_bouncing_ball.md)**: Dive deeper into graphical rendering. This example introduces the `ui_mark_dirty` command, framerate independence via `sys_yield()`, and state management to animate a shape moving around the screen and bouncing off the window edges.
+
+## 🔴 Advanced
+
+*   **[`04_tcp_client.md`](04_tcp_client.md)**: Using the lwIP networking stack. This example demonstrates how to perform a DNS lookup, connect to an external server over TCP (like an HTTP server), send a raw request, and print the response to the terminal.
+
+---
+
+> [!TIP]
+> If you want to test these out, simply create a new `.c` file in `src/userland/cli/` (for terminal apps) or `src/userland/gui/` (for windowed apps), paste the example code, then run `make clean && make run` from the project root!

docs/appdev/grapher.md

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Grapher</h1>
+  <p><em>An interactive mathematical expression plotter for BoredOS, supporting both 2D and 3D visualizations.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+Grapher is a built-in GUI application that lets you type any mathematical equation and see it plotted in real time. It supports 2D explicit and implicit curves as well as full 3D surface visualization — including both explicit surfaces (`z = f(x, y)`) and implicit surfaces (`f(x, y, z) = c`).
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> Grapher is located at `src/userland/gui/grapher.c`. It runs as a standard BoredOS GUI process and can be launched from the terminal or from the dock.
+
+---
+
+## Features at a Glance
+
+| Feature | Details |
+|---|---|
+| **2D Explicit** | Plot `y = f(x)` curves |
+| **2D Implicit** | Plot any `f(x, y) = g(x, y)` contour via marching squares |
+| **3D Explicit** | Plot `z = f(x, y)` surfaces |
+| **3D Implicit** | Plot any `f(x, y, z) = c` surface  |
+| **Rendering modes** | Wireframe and filled polygon modes |
+| **Height coloring** | Surfaces are colored by a blue→green→yellow→red gradient based on Z height |
+| **Phong-style shading** | Filled mode computes per-face normals and applies diffuse + ambient lighting |
+| **Parallel rendering** | Evaluation and projection are distributed across 4 worker threads via `sys_parallel_run` |
+| **Preset equations** | 7 built-in presets accessible from the toolbar |
+| **Auto-fit** | 2D view auto-fits the Y axis to the plotted curve on first plot |
+| **Atomic Color-Depth Buffer** | All 3D drawing uses a 64-bit atomic buffer to prevent depth/color race conditions |
+
+---
+
+## Launching Grapher
+
+From the BoredOS terminal:
+```sh
+grapher
+```
+
+Or click the **Grapher icon** in the system dock.
+
+---
+
+
+
+### Toolbar Controls
+
+| Control | Function |
+|---|---|
+| **Equation box** | Type your mathematical expression, then press **Enter** or **Plot** |
+| **Plot button** | Parse and render the current equation |
+| **Wire / Filled button** | Toggle wireframe vs. shaded polygon mode (3D only) |
+| **Presets button** | Open a dropdown of example equations |
+
+### Status Bar Controls (3D mode)
+
+| Control | Function |
+|---|---|
+| **`+` button** | Increase the 3D world range (zoom out in world space) |
+| **`-` button** | Decrease the 3D world range (zoom in in world space) |
+
+---
+
+## Keyboard Shortcuts
+
+| Shortcut | Action |
+|---|---|
+| **Enter** (in equation box) | Plot the equation |
+| **Ctrl + R** | Reset the view to defaults |
+| **F** | Toggle filled / wireframe rendering (3D mode) |
+| **Scroll wheel** | Zoom in/out (2D mode adjusts viewport; 3D mode adjusts camera zoom) |
+| **Right-click drag** | Rotate the 3D surface |
+
+---
+
+## Writing Equations
+
+Grapher parses equations entered as plain text. It supports a subset of mathematical notation with automatic implicit multiplication.
+
+### Supported Functions
+
+| Syntax | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `sin(x)` | Sine |
+| `cos(x)` | Cosine |
+| `tan(x)` | Tangent |
+| `sqrt(x)` | Square root |
+| `abs(x)` | Absolute value |
+| `log(x)` | Natural logarithm (base *e*) |
+
+### Supported Operators
+
+| Operator | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `+` `-` `*` `/` | Arithmetic |
+| `^` | Exponentiation (right-associative) |
+| `(` `)` | Grouping |
+
+### Special Values
+
+| Token | Value |
+|---|---|
+| `pi` or `PI` | π ≈ 3.14159… |
+
+### Implicit Multiplication
+
+Adjacent tokens that would normally require a `*` are multiplied automatically:
+
+```
+2x        → 2 * x
+3sin(x)   → 3 * sin(x)
+(x+1)(x)  → (x+1) * x
+```
+
+### How Equations Are Classified
+
+Grapher looks at which variables appear in your equation to automatically choose the rendering mode:
+
+| Equation form | Auto-detected as |
+|---|---|
+| `y = f(x)` or just `f(x)` | 2D explicit |
+| `f(x, y) = g(x, y)` | 2D implicit |
+| `z = f(x, y)` | 3D explicit |
+| `f(x, y, z) = c` | 3D implicit |
+
+If you omit the `=` sign, Grapher treats the input as `y = <expression>` when no `y` or `z` is present, or as `<expression> = 0` otherwise.
+
+---
+
+## Example Equations
+
+### 2D Examples
+
+```
+y = sin(x)
+y = x^2
+y = cos(x)*x
+y = abs(x) - 2
+x^2 + y^2 = 25          ← circle (implicit)
+y = log(x)
+```
+
+### 3D Explicit Examples
+
+```
+z = sin(x)*cos(y)
+z = x^2 - y^2           ← saddle surface
+z = sqrt(25 - x^2 - y^2)
+```
+
+### 3D Implicit Examples
+
+```
+x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 25    ← sphere
+x^2 + y^2 = 16          ← cylinder
+x^2 + y^2 - z^2 = 1     ← hyperboloid
+```
+
+---
+
+## Navigation Controls
+
+### 2D Mode
+
+| Input | Action |
+|---|---|
+| **Scroll up** | Zoom in |
+| **Scroll down** | Zoom out |
+| **Ctrl+R** | Reset to default view (`x: [-10, 10]`) |
+
+### 3D Mode
+
+| Input | Action |
+|---|---|
+| **Right-click drag** | Rotate the surface (orbit camera) |
+| **Scroll up** | Zoom camera in |
+| **Scroll down** | Zoom camera out |
+| **`+` / `-` buttons** | Increase / decrease world range |
+| **Ctrl+R** | Reset rotation and zoom |
+
+> [!TIP]
+> In 3D mode, the surface auto-rotates slowly by default. This can be disabled by setting `#define ROTATE 0` in the source file.
+
+---
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+Grapher is implemented as a single self-contained C file. Below is a high-level breakdown of its major components:
+
+### Math Library
+
+Grapher uses the BoredOS freestanding **`libc/math.h`** library, which provides all the math functions it needs without depending on a host standard library:
+
+| Function | Description |
+|---|---|
+| `sin`, `cos`, `tan` | Trigonometry via Taylor series (8 terms, range-reduced to `[-π, π]`) |
+| `sqrt` | Newton-Raphson iteration (25 steps) |
+| `log` | Natural logarithm via Padé-style series |
+| `log2`, `log10` | Derived from `log` |
+| `exp` | Range-reduced Taylor series for `e^x` |
+| `pow` | Integer exponents use fast binary exponentiation; fractional exponents use `exp(e * log(b))` |
+| `fabs`, `fmod` | Absolute value and floating-point remainder |
+| `floor`, `ceil` | Rounding |
+| `sinh`, `cosh`, `tanh` | Hyperbolic functions |
+| `hypot`, `fmin`, `fmax`, `fclamp` | Utility helpers |
+
+The constants `M_PI`, `M_E`, `M_LN2`, `M_SQRT2` are also defined in the header.
+
+This library is automatically linked into every userland ELF — any app can `#include "math.h"` to use it.
+
+### Expression Parser
+
+Equations are parsed in three stages:
+
+1. **Tokenizer** (`tokenize`) — converts the input string into a flat token array. Handles implicit multiplication by inserting `*` tokens where needed.
+2. **Recursive Descent Parser** (`parse_expr`, `parse_term`, `parse_power`, `parse_unary`, `parse_atom`) — produces an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) with up to `MAX_NODES = 128` nodes.
+3. **Bytecode Compiler** (`compile_ast`) — walks the AST in post-order and emits a flat instruction sequence for a simple stack machine. This avoids recursive evaluation during rendering hot paths.
+
+The resulting bytecode is then executed by `run_bc` for every sample point.
+
+### Rendering Pipeline
+
+#### 2D Rendering
+
+- **Explicit** — evaluates `y = f(x)` at every pixel column and connects adjacent samples with Bresenham lines.
+- **Implicit** — applies **marching squares** on a 200×130 grid to find sign changes in `f(x,y) - g(x,y)` and plots intersection pixels.
+
+#### 3D Rendering
+
+The 3D pipeline uses a multi-pass system parallelized across worker threads:
+
+| Pass | Function | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1 | **Evaluation** | Samples the surface at grid points. For implicit surfaces, this uses **tri-axis marching**. |
+| 2 | **Projection** | Projects 3D world coordinates to 2D screen coordinates with perspective. |
+| 3 | **Drawing** | Rasterizes wireframe lines or filled triangles with Z-buffering. |
+
+##### Tri-Axis Marching (Implicit Surfaces)
+
+Unlike explicit surfaces that only need one evaluation per grid point, implicit surfaces require finding roots of $f(x, y, z) = 0$. To ensure complete surface connectivity and eliminate "cracks," Grapher marches along all three primary axes:
+
+1.  **X-Axis Pass**: For every $(y, z)$ pair, march along $x$.
+2.  **Y-Axis Pass**: For every $(x, z)$ pair, march along $y$.
+3.  **Z-Axis Pass**: For every $(x, y)$ pair, march along $z$.
+
+Each pass uses a multi-stage root finder (170 linear steps followed by 15 bisection iterations). By sampling along all three axes, the engine "catches" surfaces that are nearly parallel to any specific marching direction, ensuring that vertical walls and steep gradients are rendered solidly from any viewing angle.
+
+##### Atomic Color-Depth Buffer
+
+To prevent "z-fighting" and race conditions between parallel threads, Grapher uses a 64-bit atomic buffer (`graph_czb`). Each 64-bit word stores:
+-   **Upper 32 bits**: Z-depth (integer).
+-   **Lower 32 bits**: Pixel color (0xAARRGGBB).
+
+A single `__atomic_compare_exchange_n` operation ensures that a pixel's color and depth are updated together only if the new depth is closer to the camera than the existing one.
+
+Surface normals are estimated using central finite differences of the implicit function.
+
+#### Filled Mod
+
+When filled mode is active, each quad cell is split into two triangles. The average surface normal across the four corner vertices is computed and fed into `apply_shading`, which calculates:
+
+```
+intensity = ambient(0.3) + diffuse(0.7) * dot(normal, light_direction)
+```
+
+The light direction is fixed at `(0.577, 0.707, 0.408)` (normalized diagonal).
+
+#### Z-Buffer
+
+The depth buffer (`graph_zb`) stores integer depth values. `gfb_pixel_z` uses a **compare-and-swap (CAS) loop** via `__atomic_compare_exchange_n` so multiple parallel draw threads cannot produce race conditions.
+
+### Coordinate Systems
+
+#### 2D
+
+World coordinates map linearly to screen pixels:
+
+```c
+screen_x = (wx - view_x_min) / (view_x_max - view_x_min) * graph_w
+screen_y = (view_y_max - wy) / (view_y_max - view_y_min) * graph_h
+```
+
+#### 3D
+
+Points are first rotated by two Euler angles (`rot_y`, `rot_x`) then projected with a simple perspective divide:
+
+```
+persp = d / (pz + d)     // d = range_3d * 5
+sx    = px * scale * persp + screen_cx
+sy    = -py * scale * persp + screen_cy
+```
+
+---
+
+## Configuration Constants
+
+These can be changed at the top of `grapher.c` to tune behaviour:
+
+| Constant | Default | Effect |
+|---|---|---|
+| `ROTATE` | `1` | Set to `0` to disable auto-rotation in 3D mode |
+| `GRID_3D` | `41` | Grid resolution for 3D sampling. Higher = more detail, much slower |
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> Setting `GRID_3D` too high (e.g. 9000) will exhaust available memory. The `surf` grid and `surf_x`/`surf_y_3d` arrays are statically allocated at compile time: memory usage grows as **O(GRID_3D²)**. Values above ~512 are not recommended.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> `GRID_3D = 256` gives a good balance of detail and performance on typical BoredOS hardware emulation.
+
+---
+
+## Color Palette
+
+
+3D surfaces are colored by height using a 4-stop rainbow ramp:
+
+```
+Low  →  Blue → Cyan → Green → Yellow → Red  →  High
+```
+
+---
+
+## Preset Equations
+
+The built-in presets are shown in the dropdown when you click **Presets**:
+
+| Label | Type |
+|---|---|
+| `y = sin(x)` | 2D explicit |
+| `y = x^2` | 2D explicit |
+| `y = cos(x)*x` | 2D explicit |
+| `z = sin(x)*cos(y)` | 3D explicit |
+| `z = x^2 - y^2` | 3D explicit |
+| `x^2+y^2+z^2=25` | 3D implicit (sphere) |
+| `x^2+y^2=16` | 3D implicit (cylinder) |
+
+---
+
+## Known Limitations
+
+- **No parameter slider** — equations are static; there is no way to animate a parameter.
+- **No multiple equations** — only one equation can be graphed at a time.
+- **Implicit surface precision** — extremely thin or high-frequency implicit surfaces may still have small artifacts if the grid resolution (`GRID_3D`) is too low.
+- **3D implicit performance** — tri-axis marching evaluates the function significantly more times than explicit rendering; high resolutions will impact frame rate.
+- **Integer axis labels only for large values** — very large axis values are capped at `>2G` or `<-2G` due to `itoa` limitations.

docs/appdev/sdk_reference.md

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Userland SDK Reference</h1>
+  <p><em>Comprehensive manual for custom libc and system calls in BoredOS.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+BoredOS provides a custom `libc` implementation necessary for writing userland applications (`.elf` binaries). By avoiding a full-blown standard library like `glibc`, the OS ensures a minimal executable footprint tailored strictly to the existing kernel features.
+
+All headers are located in `src/userland/libc/` (standard functions) and `src/wm/` (UI and widgets).
+-   `stdlib.h`: Memory, strings, and basic I/O.
+-   `math.h`: Freestanding floating-point math library.
+-   `libui.h`: Core window and drawing API.
+-   `libwidget.h`: High-level UI components.
+
+## Standard Library (`stdlib.h` & `string.h`)
+
+The standard library wrappers provide memory management, string manipulation, and basic IO formatting without needing direct syscalls.
+
+### Memory Allocation
+*   `void* malloc(size_t size);` - Allocate a block of memory on the heap.
+*   `void free(void* ptr);` - Free a previously allocated memory block.
+*   `void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);` - Allocate and zero-out a block of memory for an array.
+*   `void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);` - Resize an existing memory block.
+
+### Memory Manipulation (`string.h`)
+*   `void* memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);` - Fill a block of memory with a specific byte.
+*   `void* memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);` - Copy memory from source to destination.
+*   `void* memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);` - Safely copy overlapping memory blocks.
+*   `int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);` - Compare two memory blocks.
+
+### String Utilities
+*   `size_t strlen(const char *s);` - Get the length of a string.
+*   `int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);` - Compare two strings lexicographically.
+*   `char* strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);` - Copy a string to a destination buffer.
+*   `char* strcat(char *dest, const char *src);` - Concatenate two strings.
+
+### Conversion and Formatting
+*   `int atoi(const char *nptr);` - String to integer conversion.
+*   `void itoa(int n, char *buf);` - Integer to string conversion.
+
+### Input / Output
+*   `void puts(const char *s);` - Print a string followed by a newline to the standard output.
+*   `void printf(const char *fmt, ...);` - Formatted print to standard output (supports `%d`, `%s`, `%x`, etc.).
+
+### Process Control
+*   `void exit(int status);` - Terminate the current process.
+*   `void sleep(int ms);` - Pause execution for a specified number of milliseconds.
+
+---
+
+## Math Library (`math.h`)
+
+BoredOS ships a freestanding floating-point math library in `libc/math.h`. It uses pure arithmetic — Taylor series, Newton-Raphson, and range-reduction — with no dependency on a host `libm` or hardware math intrinsics. It is automatically linked into every userland ELF.
+
+```c
+#include "math.h"
+```
+
+### Constants
+
+| Constant | Value | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `M_PI` | 3.14159… | π |
+| `M_E` | 2.71828… | Euler's number |
+| `M_LN2` | 0.69315… | Natural log of 2 |
+| `M_SQRT2` | 1.41421… | √2 |
+| `HUGE_VAL` | ~+∞ | Overflow sentinel |
+
+### Functions
+
+#### Absolute value & remainder
+*   `double fabs(double x);` — Absolute value.
+*   `double fmod(double x, double y);` — Floating-point remainder. Returns `0` when `y == 0`.
+
+#### Rounding
+*   `double floor(double x);` — Largest integer ≤ x.
+*   `double ceil(double x);` — Smallest integer ≥ x.
+
+#### Trigonometry *(arguments in radians)*
+*   `double sin(double x);` — Sine. Range-reduced to `[-π, π]` then computed via 8-term Taylor series.
+*   `double cos(double x);` — Cosine. Computed via `sin(x + π/2)`.
+*   `double tan(double x);` — Tangent. Returns sentinel `1e15` near poles.
+
+#### Exponential & logarithm
+*   `double sqrt(double x);` — Square root via Newton-Raphson (25 iterations). Returns `0` for `x ≤ 0`.
+*   `double log(double x);` — Natural logarithm (ln). Returns `-1e30` for `x ≤ 0`.
+*   `double log2(double x);` — Base-2 logarithm.
+*   `double log10(double x);` — Base-10 logarithm.
+*   `double exp(double x);` — e^x. Saturates to `1e300` for `x > 700`, `0` for `x < -700`.
+*   `double pow(double base, double exponent);` — General power. Integer exponents use fast binary exponentiation; fractional exponents use `exp(e * log(b))`.
+
+#### Hyperbolic
+*   `double sinh(double x);` — Hyperbolic sine.
+*   `double cosh(double x);` — Hyperbolic cosine.
+*   `double tanh(double x);` — Hyperbolic tangent.
+
+#### Utility
+*   `double hypot(double x, double y);` — `sqrt(x² + y²)` without intermediate overflow.
+*   `double fmin(double a, double b);` — Minimum of two values.
+*   `double fmax(double a, double b);` — Maximum of two values.
+*   `double fclamp(double x, double lo, double hi);` — Clamps `x` into `[lo, hi]`.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> The implementation file is named `libc/libmath.c` (not `libc/math.c`) to avoid a name collision with the `math` CLI calculator app in userland. The public header is still included as `#include "math.h"`.
+
+For advanced operations, `syscall.h` provides direct wrappers into the kernel.
+
+### Process & System Info
+*   `void sys_exit(int status);` - Raw exit syscall.
+*   `int sys_write(int fd, const char *buf, int len);` - Write to a file descriptor (usually fd 1 for stdout).
+*   `void* sys_sbrk(int incr);` - Expand or shrink the process data segment (used internally by `malloc`).
+*   `void sys_kill(int pid);` - Send a kill signal to a process.
+*   `void sys_yield(void);` - Yield the remainder of the process's timeslice to the scheduler.
+*   `int sys_system(int cmd, uint64_t arg1, uint64_t arg2, uint64_t arg3, uint64_t arg4);` - Execute a privileged system command (e.g., reboot, shutdown, beep).
+*   `int sys_get_os_info(os_info_t *info);` - Populate an `os_info_t` struct with version and environment details.
+*   `uint64_t sys_get_shell_config(const char *key);` - Retrieve internal shell configuration values.
+*   `void sys_set_text_color(uint32_t color);` - Set the raw CLI text output color.
+
+### File System API (VFS)
+Interacting with files and directories using the Virtual File System.
+*   `int sys_open(const char *path, const char *mode);` - Open a file, returning a file descriptor.
+*   `int sys_read(int fd, void *buf, uint32_t len);` - Read from an open file.
+*   `int sys_write_fs(int fd, const void *buf, uint32_t len);` - Write to an open file.
+*   `void sys_close(int fd);` - Close an open file descriptor.
+*   `int sys_seek(int fd, int offset, int whence);` - Reposition the file offset.
+*   `uint32_t sys_tell(int fd);` - Get the current file offset.
+*   `uint32_t sys_size(int fd);` - Get the total file size.
+*   `int sys_delete(const char *path);` - Delete a file.
+*   `int sys_mkdir(const char *path);` - Create a new directory.
+*   `int sys_exists(const char *path);` - Check if a path exists on the filesystem.
+*   `int sys_getcwd(char *buf, int size);` - Get the current working directory string.
+*   `int sys_chdir(const char *path);` - Change the current working directory.
+*   `int sys_list(const char *path, FAT32_FileInfo *entries, int max_entries);` - List directory contents into an array of `FAT32_FileInfo` structs.
+*   `int sys_get_file_info(const char *path, FAT32_FileInfo *info);` - Retrieve metadata for a specific file.
+
+### Networking Stack API
+BoredOS includes lwIP for hardware TCP/UDP networking.
+
+#### Configuration and Status
+*   `int sys_network_init(void);` - Initialize the network stack.
+*   `int sys_network_is_initialized(void);` - Check stack status.
+*   `int sys_network_dhcp_acquire(void);` - Request an IP configuration from a DHCP server.
+*   `int sys_network_has_ip(void);` - Check if the system has a valid IP address.
+*   `int sys_network_get_mac(net_mac_address_t *mac);` - Get the physical MAC address of the NIC.
+*   `int sys_network_get_nic_name(char *name_out);` - Get the name of the active network interface card.
+*   `int sys_network_get_ip(net_ipv4_address_t *ip);` - Get current local IPv4 address.
+*   `int sys_network_set_ip(const net_ipv4_address_t *ip);` - Manually assign a static IP.
+*   `int sys_network_get_gateway(net_ipv4_address_t *ip);` - Get the default gateway IP.
+*   `int sys_network_get_dns(net_ipv4_address_t *ip);` - Get the primary DNS server IP.
+*   `int sys_set_dns_server(const net_ipv4_address_t *ip);` - Set the primary DNS server.
+*   `int sys_get_dns_server(net_ipv4_address_t *ip);` - Retrieve configured DNS server.
+*   `int sys_network_get_stat(int stat_type);` - Get network statistics (packets in/out, drops, etc.).
+*   `void sys_network_force_unlock(void);` - Force release of network stack locks (use with caution).
+
+#### Communication
+*   `int sys_icmp_ping(const net_ipv4_address_t *dest_ip);` - Send an ICMP echo request.
+*   `int sys_udp_send(const net_ipv4_address_t *dest_ip, uint16_t dest_port, uint16_t src_port, const void *data, size_t data_len);` - Send a raw UDP datagram.
+*   `int sys_dns_lookup(const char *name, net_ipv4_address_t *out_ip);` - Resolve a hostname to an IPv4 address.
+*   `int sys_tcp_connect(const net_ipv4_address_t *ip, uint16_t port);` - Establish a TCP connection to a remote host.
+*   `int sys_tcp_send(const void *data, size_t len);` - Send data over an active TCP socket.
+*   `int sys_tcp_recv(void *buf, size_t max_len);` - Receive data from a TCP socket (blocking).
+*   `int sys_tcp_recv_nb(void *buf, size_t max_len);` - Receive data from a TCP socket (non-blocking).
+*   `int sys_tcp_close(void);` - Close the active TCP socket.
+
+---
+
+## Core Data Structures
+
+### `os_info_t`
+Contains detailed build and version information about the OS.
+```c
+typedef struct {
+    char os_name[64];
+    char os_version[64];
+    char os_codename[64];
+    char kernel_name[64];
+    char kernel_version[64];
+    char build_date[64];
+    char build_time[64];
+    char build_arch[64];
+} os_info_t;
+```
+
+### `FAT32_FileInfo`
+Represents a filesystem entry.
+```c
+typedef struct {
+    char name[256];
+    uint32_t size;
+    uint8_t is_directory;
+    uint32_t start_cluster;
+    uint16_t write_date;
+    uint16_t write_time;
+} FAT32_FileInfo;
+```
+
+### `ProcessInfo`
+Provides status information for an active process.
+```c
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t pid;
+    char name[64];
+    uint64_t ticks;
+    size_t used_memory;
+} ProcessInfo;
+```
+
+### IP / MAC Addresses
+Wrappers for raw byte arrays.
+```c
+typedef struct { uint8_t bytes[6]; } net_mac_address_t;
+typedef struct { uint8_t bytes[4]; } net_ipv4_address_t;
+```

docs/appdev/ui_api.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>UI API (<code>libui.h</code>)</h1>
+  <p><em>Comprehensive manual for interacting with the Window Manager.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+The UI library (`libui.h`) is the sole mechanism for Graphical Userland Applications to draw to the screen and receive input events in BoredOS. It wraps `SYS_GUI` kernel calls.
+
+## Window Management
+
+A "Window" is a reserved drawing canvas managed by the compositor.
+
+*   `ui_window_t ui_window_create(const char *title, int x, int y, int w, int h);`
+    Creates a new window at `(x, y)` with dimensions `w`x`h`. Returns a window handle.
+    **Flags** are currently embedded in the syscall; standard windows include decorations (titlebar, borders).
+*   `void ui_window_set_title(ui_window_t win, const char *title);`
+    Dynamically update the text displayed in the window's titlebar.
+*   `void ui_window_set_resizable(ui_window_t win, bool resizable);`
+    Enable or disable the user's ability to resize the window by dragging its edges.
+*   `void ui_get_screen_size(uint64_t *out_w, uint64_t *out_h);`
+    Query the global screen resolution of the display.
+
+## Drawing Primitives
+
+All drawing functions write to an off-screen buffer associated with the window. **You must call `ui_mark_dirty()` to instruct the compositor to push your changes to the physical screen.**
+
+*   `void ui_draw_rect(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t color);`
+    Draw a solid filled rectangle.
+*   `void ui_draw_rounded_rect_filled(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, int w, int h, int radius, uint32_t color);`
+    Fill a rectangle with rounded corners of a specified `radius`.
+*   `void ui_draw_image(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t *image_data);`
+    Blit a raw ARGB pixel buffer (`image_data`) directly into the window canvas.
+*   `void ui_mark_dirty(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, int w, int h);`
+    Mark a specific rectangular region of the window as "dirty". The Window Manager will redraw this area on the next compositing pass.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> Colors are defined as 32-bit unsigned integers in **ARGB** format: `0xAARRGGBB`.
+> E.g., `0xFF000000` is opaque black, `0xFFFF0000` is opaque red.
+
+## Text Rendering
+
+BoredOS provides multiple text rendering methodologies, including a default system font and scaled/bitmap alternatives.
+
+*   `void ui_draw_string(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, const char *str, uint32_t color);`
+    Draw text using the default system typeface.
+*   `void ui_draw_string_bitmap(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, const char *str, uint32_t color);`
+    Draw text using a secondary fast bitmap font renderer.
+*   `void ui_draw_string_scaled(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, const char *str, uint32_t color, float scale);`
+    Draw text scaled up or down by a floating-point multiplier.
+*   `void ui_draw_string_scaled_sloped(ui_window_t win, int x, int y, const char *str, uint32_t color, float scale, float slope);`
+    Draw scaled text with an italic-like slope/shear applied.
+*   `void ui_set_font(ui_window_t win, const char *path);`
+    Load and set a custom `.ttf` or bitmap font from the filesystem for this window.
+
+### Font Metrics
+Used for calculating layout bounds before drawing:
+*   `uint32_t ui_get_string_width(const char *str);`
+*   `uint32_t ui_get_font_height(void);`
+*   `uint32_t ui_get_string_width_scaled(const char *str, float scale);`
+*   `uint32_t ui_get_font_height_scaled(float scale);`
+
+## Event Handling
+
+Applications must continuously poll for events inside an infinite `$while(1)` loop.
+
+*   `bool ui_get_event(ui_window_t win, gui_event_t *ev);`
+    Returns `true` if an event was waiting in the queue, populating the `ev` structure. Returns `false` if the queue is empty.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Because `ui_get_event` is non-blocking, you must call `sys_yield();` inside your event loop if no event was received. In BoredOS's **Multi-Core (SMP)** architecture, failing to yield will pin a CPU core to 100% usage, potentially starving other processes.
+> 
+> All UI syscalls are **Thread-Safe** at the kernel level via the global GUI spinlock.
+
+### Graphical Event Structure
+
+```c
+typedef struct {
+    int type; // Specifies the event class (see below)
+    int arg1; // Generic argument 1
+    int arg2; // Generic argument 2
+    int arg3; // Generic argument 3
+} gui_event_t;
+```
+
+### Event Types & Arguments
+
+| Event Constant | `type` ID | Trigger | `arg1` | `arg2` | `arg3` |
+| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
+| `GUI_EVENT_NONE` | `0` | Empty event | - | - | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_PAINT` | `1` | Window needs redrawing | - | - | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_CLICK` | `2` | Mouse click down | X Coord | Y Coord | Button State |
+| `GUI_EVENT_RIGHT_CLICK` | `3` | Mouse right-click down | X Coord | Y Coord | Button State |
+| `GUI_EVENT_CLOSE` | `4` | User clicked 'X' button | - | - | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_KEY` | `5` | Keyboard key pressed | Keycode | Modifiers | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_KEYUP` | `10` | Keyboard key released | Keycode | Modifiers | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_MOUSE_DOWN` | `6` | Generic mouse button down | X Coord | Y Coord | Button State |
+| `GUI_EVENT_MOUSE_UP` | `7` | Generic mouse button release | X Coord | Y Coord | Button State |
+| `GUI_EVENT_MOUSE_MOVE` | `8` | Mouse cursor moved | X Coord | Y Coord | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_MOUSE_WHEEL` | `9` | Scroll wheel rotated | Scroll Delta | - | - |
+| `GUI_EVENT_RESIZE` | `11` | Window dimensions changed| New Width | New Height | - |
+
+*(Note: Coordinate arguments (`arg1`, `arg2`) for mouse events are typically relative to the top-left corner of the window's client area).*
+
+---
+
+> [!TIP]
+> **Looking for Buttons, TextBoxes, or Scrollbars?**
+> While `libui.h` provides the foundation for drawing, most applications should use the higher-level [**Widget API**](widget_api.md) (`libwidget.h`) for standard interactive components.
+
+---

docs/appdev/widget_api.md

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Widget API (<code>libwidget.h</code>)</h1>
+  <p><em>High-level UI components for BoredOS applications.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+The Widget library (`libwidget.h`) provides a set of reusable UI components built on top of `libui.h`. It uses an abstract `widget_context_t` to decouple component logic from specific drawing implementations, making it easier to build complex graphical interfaces.
+
+## Widget Context
+
+To use any widget, you must first define a `widget_context_t`. This structure contains function pointers for basic drawing operations (rects, strings) and theme preferences.
+
+```c
+typedef struct {
+    void *user_data;
+    void (*draw_rect)(void *user_data, int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t color);
+    void (*draw_rounded_rect_filled)(void *user_data, int x, int y, int w, int h, int r, uint32_t color);
+    void (*draw_string)(void *user_data, int x, int y, const char *str, uint32_t color);
+    int (*measure_string_width)(void *user_data, const char *str);
+    void (*mark_dirty)(void *user_data, int x, int y, int w, int h);
+    bool use_light_theme;
+} widget_context_t;
+```
+
+> [!TIP]
+> Usually, `user_data` is set to your `ui_window_t` handle, and the functions are simple wrappers around `ui_draw_rect`, `ui_draw_string`, etc.
+
+---
+
+## Button (`widget_button_t`)
+
+Standard interactive button with hover and click states.
+
+*   `void widget_button_init(widget_button_t *btn, int x, int y, int w, int h, const char *text);`
+*   `void widget_button_draw(widget_context_t *ctx, widget_button_t *btn);`
+*   `bool widget_button_handle_mouse(widget_button_t *btn, int mx, int my, bool mouse_down, bool mouse_clicked, void *user_data);`
+
+### Usage Example:
+```c
+widget_button_t my_btn;
+widget_button_init(&my_btn, 10, 10, 80, 25, "Click Me");
+my_btn.on_click = my_callback_func;
+
+// In your event loop:
+widget_button_handle_mouse(&my_btn, ev.arg1, ev.arg2, is_down, is_clicked, my_data);
+```
+
+---
+
+## Scrollbar (`widget_scrollbar_t`)
+
+Vertical scrollbar supporting dragging and track-paging.
+
+*   `void widget_scrollbar_init(widget_scrollbar_t *sb, int x, int y, int w, int h);`
+*   `void widget_scrollbar_update(widget_scrollbar_t *sb, int content_height, int scroll_y);`
+*   `void widget_scrollbar_draw(widget_context_t *ctx, widget_scrollbar_t *sb);`
+*   `bool widget_scrollbar_handle_mouse(widget_scrollbar_t *sb, int mx, int my, bool mouse_down, void *user_data);`
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> The scrollbar automatically calculates the "thumb" size based on the ratio of `h` to `content_height`.
+
+--- 
+
+## TextBox (`widget_textbox_t`)
+
+Editable text field with focus support and keyboard handling.
+
+*   `void widget_textbox_init(widget_textbox_t *tb, int x, int y, int w, int h, char *buffer, int max_len);`
+*   `void widget_textbox_draw(widget_context_t *ctx, widget_textbox_t *tb);`
+*   `bool widget_textbox_handle_mouse(widget_textbox_t *tb, int mx, int my, bool mouse_clicked, void *user_data);`
+*   `bool widget_textbox_handle_key(widget_textbox_t *tb, char c, void *user_data);`
+
+---
+
+## Dropdown (`widget_dropdown_t`)
+
+Selection menu for picking one item from a list.
+
+*   `void widget_dropdown_init(widget_dropdown_t *dd, int x, int y, int w, int h, const char **items, int count);`
+*   `void widget_dropdown_draw(widget_context_t *ctx, widget_dropdown_t *dd);`
+*   `bool widget_dropdown_handle_mouse(widget_dropdown_t *dd, int mx, int my, bool mouse_clicked, void *user_data);`
+
+---
+
+## Checkbox / Radio (`widget_checkbox_t`)
+
+Toggleable options with support for circular "Radio" style or square "Checkbox" style.
+
+*   `void widget_checkbox_init(widget_checkbox_t *cb, int x, int y, int w, int h, const char *text, bool is_radio);`
+*   `void widget_checkbox_draw(widget_context_t *ctx, widget_checkbox_t *cb);`
+*   `bool widget_checkbox_handle_mouse(widget_checkbox_t *cb, int mx, int my, bool mouse_clicked, void *user_data);`
+
+---
+
+## Event Integration
+
+Widgets are designed to be polled within your `libui` event loop. Most handle-mouse functions return `true` if the event was "consumed" by the widget, allowing you to stop further processing for that event.
+
+```c
+if (ui_get_event(win, &ev)) {
+    bool handled = false;
+    handled |= widget_button_handle_mouse(&btn, ev.arg1, ev.arg2, is_down, is_clicked, NULL);
+    if (!handled) {
+        // Handle global window events...
+    }
+}
+```

docs/architecture/core.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Core Architecture</h1>
+  <p><em>Overview of BoredOS kernel layout, boot process, and userspace transition.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+BoredOS is a 64-bit hobbyist operating system designed for the x86_64 architecture. While it features kernel-space drivers and a built-in window manager, it supports fully-isolated userspace applications and includes a networking stack.
+
+This document serves as an overview of the core architecture and the layout of the kernel source code.
+
+##  Source Code Layout (`src/`)
+
+The OS heavily relies on module separation. The `src/` directory is logically split into several domains:
+
+- **`arch/`**: Contains the assembly routines needed for bootstrapping the system (`boot.asm`) and setting up the CPU state for userland execution (`process_asm.asm`). It also handles architecture-specific mechanisms like the Global Descriptor Table (GDT) and Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT).
+- **`core/`**: The initialization sequence of the OS lives here. `main.c` is the entry point from the bootloader. This directory also contains essential kernel utilities (`kutils.c`), panic handlers (`panic.c`), and built-in command parsing logic (`cmd.c`).
+- **`dev/`**: Device drivers. This includes the PCI scanner, disk management infrastructure, input drivers (keyboard and mouse), and the Real Time Clock (RTC).
+- **`fs/`**: Filesystem implementations. The system uses a Virtual File System (VFS) abstraction alongside an in-memory FAT32 filesystem with support for drives over ATA that are formatted as FAT32 (plain/MBR).
+- **`mem/`**: Physical and virtual memory management. It controls page frame allocation, paging, and kernel heap operations.
+- **`net/`**: The networking stack. BoredOS relies on `lwIP` for processing IPv4 and TCP/UDP traffic, interacting with a range of NICs via `net/nic/`.
+- **`sys/`**: System calls and process management. The ELF loader resides here, alongside the Symmetric Multi-Processing (**smp.c**) bringup and Local APIC (**lapic.c**) management logic.
+- **`wm/`**: The graphical subsystem. It handles drawing primitives, window structures, font rendering, and double-buffering.
+- **`userland/`**: Out-of-kernel components. This includes the custom SDK/compiler environment (`libc/`) and user applications (`cli/`, `gui/`, `games/`).
+
+## Boot Process
+
+BoredOS uses **Limine** as its primary bootloader.
+
+1.  **Limine Initialization**: The machine firmware (BIOS or UEFI) loads Limine. Limine parses `limine.conf`, sets up an early graphical framebuffer, and reads the kernel ELF file into memory.
+2.  **Multiboot2 & SMP Protocol**: The kernel expects the Limine boot protocol. It makes a specific **SMP Request** to Limine to locate and bring up all available CPU cores.
+3.  **Kernel Entry (`main.c`)**: The entry point `_start` is called on the Bootstrap Processor (BSP). It initializes the serial port, GDT/IDT, memory management, and paging.
+4.  **AP Bringup**: The BSP calls `smp_init()`, which sends the Startup Inter-Processor Interrupt (SIPI) sequence to all Application Processors (APs). Each AP initializes its own local GDT, TSS, and Page Tables before entering an idle loop.
+5.  **Driver Initialization**: PCI buses are scanned, finding the network card or disk controllers. The filesystem is mounted.
+6.  **Window Manager**: The UI is drawn on top of the Limine-provided framebuffer.
+
+## 🧵 Multi-Core & Scheduling
+
+BoredOS utilizes Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) to distribute workloads across all available CPU cores.
+
+-   **LAPIC & IPIs**: Each CPU has its own Local APIC. The kernel uses Inter-Processor Interrupts (IPIs) for inter-core communication, specifically for triggering the scheduler on other cores (`vector 0x41`).
+-   **Scheduler**: A round-robin scheduler runs on each core. Processes are pinned to specific CPUs (CPU Affinity) to maintain cache locality. The BSP timer interrupt (`60Hz`) broadcasts a scheduling IPI to all core to ensure balanced execution.
+-   **Spinlocks**: Since multiple cores can access kernel structures (VFS, Process List) simultaneously, the kernel uses **interrupt-safe spinlocks** to prevent race conditions.
+
+## Userland Transition
+
+The OS supports privilege separation (Ring 0 vs. Ring 3). When an application is launched, the kernel:
+
+1.  Loads the ELF file from the filesystem.
+2.  Assigns the process to a CPU core via a round-robin distribution strategy.
+3.  Allocates a new virtual address space (Page Directory) for the process.
+4.  Maps the executable segments according to the ELF headers.
+5.  Switches to User Mode (Ring 3) via the `iretq` instruction.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Programs interact with the core kernel using system calls (`syscall.c`). Multitasking is achieved by pre-empting user processes on their respective cores.
+
+---

docs/architecture/filesystem.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Filesystem Architecture</h1>
+  <p><em>Virtual File System layer and FAT32 abstraction in BoredOS.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+BoredOS implements a rudimentary but functional filesystem layer designed to support reading system assets and user applications during runtime.
+
+## Virtual File System (VFS)
+
+The Virtual File System acts as an abstraction layer across different underlying storage mechanisms (even if, currently, only one type is fully utilized). System calls targeting files (`SYS_FS`) route through the VFS rather than interacting with the disk directly.
+
+Key VFS functionalities include:
+-   **File Descriptors**: Mapping integer IDs to internal file structures for userland processes.
+-   **Standard Operations**: Standardizing `open()`, `read()`, `write()`, `close()`, `seek()`, and directory listings.
+-   **Path Parsing**: Resolving absolute and relative paths.
+-   **SMP Safety**: All VFS and underlying FAT32 operations are protected by a global **Spinlock**. This ensures that multiple cores can safely read from the filesystem simultaneously without corrupting internal file seek pointers or directory cache states.
+
+## FAT32 Implementation
+
+The primary filesystem logic in `fat32.c` handles both in-memory RAM-based filesystem simulation and physical ATA block devices.
+
+### Storage Support
+
+BoredOS supports two main types of storage for its FAT32 implementation:
+
+1.  **RAMFS (Boot Modules)**: During boot, Limine loads necessary files (such as userland `.elf` binaries, fonts, and wallpapers) into memory as standard boot modules. The FAT32 code parses these loaded memory modules and automatically constructs a synthetic FAT32 directory tree inside RAM (mounted as `A:`).
+2.  **ATA Drives**: The kernel includes a basic PIO-based ATA driver that can detect and read/write to physical IDE/PATA hard disks.
+    -   **GPT is NOT supported**: Currently, only **MBR (Master Boot Record)** partition tables or **raw (partitionless)** disks are supported.
+    -   **Filesystem**: The partition must be formatted as **FAT32**.
+
+### Auto-detection
+The `Disk Manager` automatically probes primary and secondary IDE channels during initialization. If a valid FAT32 partition is found (either directly at sector 0 or via an MBR partition table), the disk is assigned a drive letter (starting from `B:`) and becomes accessible to the VFS.
+
+
+---

docs/architecture/memory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Memory Management</h1>
+  <p><em>Physical and Virtual Memory coordination in x86_64 Long Mode.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+Memory management in BoredOS is split into physical and virtual layers, designed to support both kernel operations and userland isolation on the x86_64 architecture.
+
+## Physical Memory Management (PMM)
+
+The PMM is responsible for tracking which physical RAM frames (usually 4KB each) are free and which are in use.
+
+1.  **Memory Map**: During boot, Limine provides a memory map detailing the available, reserved, and unusable physical memory regions.
+2.  **Bitmap Allocator**: The core PMM uses a bitmap-based allocation strategy. Each bit in the bitmap represents a single physical page (frame). If a bit is `1`, the page is in use; if `0`, it is free.
+3.  **Allocation**: When a new page is requested (e.g., for userland space or kernel heap), the PMM scans the bitmap for the first available zero bit, marks it as used, and returns the physical address.
+4.  **SMP Safety**: In a multi-core environment, the PMM and VMM are protected by **Spinlocks** to prevent two CPUs from allocating the same frame or modifying page tables simultaneously.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> 4KB frame sizes strike a balance between allocation speed and minimal memory fragmentation, fitting directly with the page tables.
+
+## Virtual Memory Management (VMM) and Paging
+
+BoredOS uses 4-level paging (PML4), a requirement for x86_64 long mode, dividing the virtual address space between the kernel and userland.
+
+-   **Kernel Space**: The kernel relies on a higher-half design where its code, data, and heap are mapped to high addresses (typically above `0xFFFF800000000000`).
+-   **Per-CPU Structures**: Each CPU core maintains its own architectural state in memory:
+    *   **Per-CPU GDT**: Each core is initialized with its own Global Descriptor Table.
+    *   **Per-CPU TSS**: Each core has a dedicated Task State Segment containing the `RSP0` pointer for its own kernel stack, ensuring safe interrupt handling across cores.
+-   **User Space**: Userland applications are loaded into lower virtual addresses.
+-   **Page Faults**: The `mem/` subsystem registers an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) for page faults (Interrupt 14). If a process accesses unmapped memory, the handler determines whether to allocate a new frame or terminate the process.
+
+## Kernel Heap
+
+Dynamic allocation within the kernel (`kmalloc` and `kfree`) is layered on top of the physical allocator. The kernel maintains its own heap area in virtual memory. When the heap requires more space, it requests physical frames from the PMM and maps them into the kernel's virtual address space.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> The kernel heap is a shared resource; therefore, all `kmalloc` and `kfree` operations are guarded by a global spinlock to ensure thread safety during multi-core execution.
+
+---

docs/architecture/window_manager.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<div align="center">
+  <h1>Window Manager (WM)</h1>
+  <p><em>The native graphical subsystem compositing and event routing.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+---
+
+BoredOS features a fully custom, graphical Window Manager built directly into the kernel, residing in the `src/wm/` directory. It is responsible for compositing the screen, handling window logic, rendering text, and dispatching UI events.
+
+## Framebuffer and Rendering
+
+1.  **Limine Framebuffer**: During boot, the Limine bootloader requests a graphical framebuffer from the hardware (e.g., GOP in UEFI environments) and passes a pointer to this linear memory buffer to the kernel.
+2.  **Double Buffering**: To prevent screen tearing, the WM does not draw directly to the screen. It allocates a "back buffer" in kernel memory equal to the size of the screen. All drawing operations (lines, rectangles, windows) happen on this back buffer.
+3.  **Compositing**: Once per frame or upon request, the entire back buffer (or dirty regions) is copied to the actual Limine physical framebuffer memory, making the changes visible instantly.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> The performance of the window manager heavily depends on minimizing the "dirty regions" drawn in the compositing loop rather than sweeping the whole screen.
+
+## 🪟 Window System (`wm.c`)
+
+The windowing system is built around a linked list of `Window` structures.
+
+-   **Z-Ordering**: The list determines the draw order. Windows at the back of the list are drawn first, and the active window is drawn last (on top).
+-   **Window Structures**: Each window object tracks its dimensions (`x`, `y`, `width`, `height`), title, background color, and an internal buffer if it's acting as a canvas for userland apps.
+-   **Decorations**: The kernel handles drawing window borders, title bars, and close buttons automatically unless a borderless style is specified.
+
+## Input Handling and Events
+
+The WM acts as the central hub for input routing.
+
+1.  **Mouse Driver**: The PS/2 mouse driver (`dev/mouse.c`) detects movement and button clicks. It raises interrupts that update global cursor coordinates.
+2.  **Hit Testing**: The WM checks these coordinates against the bounding boxes of existing windows. It handles dragging logic (if the user clicks a title bar) or focus changes.
+3.  **Event Queue**: If a userland application owns the window that was clicked, the WM packages the input (coordinates, button state) into an event message and drops it into the owning process's event queue. The application can retrieve these via the custom libc UI functions.
+
+- **Event Polling**: The UI loop inside an app continuously calls `ui_poll_event()` to respond to mouse clicks and window movement dispatched by the kernel WM.
+
+## 🧵 Multi-Core Safety & Performance
+
+With the introduction of Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP), the Window Manager (WM) was redesigned to ensure stability and high performance across multiple cores.
+
+1.  **Granular Window Locks**: Each `Window` object possesses its own `spinlock_t lock;`. User applications concurrently draw directly into their own window buffers without stalling the rest of the system. The global `wm_lock` is reserved strictly for altering global structures like window z-order or syncing buffers to the screen compositing layer.
+2.  **Per-CPU Rendering State**: To facilitate simultaneous GUI system calls across all CPU cores, the low-level rendering context (`g_render_target` array) is isolated per-CPU using the core ID. This allows completely lockless multi-core pixel rasterization, drastically reducing rendering bottlenecks.
+3.  **Deferred Compositing**: Final screen composition (`wm_paint`) is scheduled to the main kernel idle loop on the Bootstrap Processor (BSP). This enables application cores to continue processing logic seamlessly while the GUI asynchronously handles flipping the physical framebuffer.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Because application rendering (rasterizing geometry into a window's backbuffer) is SMP-safe and lock-free across cores, GUI performance scales linearly with the number of CPUs active.
+
+---

docs/build/toolchain.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Build Toolchain
+
+BoredOS is built cross-compiled from a host system (such as macOS or Linux) to target the generic `x86_64-elf` platform.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+To build BoredOS, you need the following tools:
+
+1.  **x86_64 ELF GCC Cross-Compiler**:
+    -   `x86_64-elf-gcc`: The C compiler targeting the freestanding overarching ELF environment.
+    -   `x86_64-elf-ld`: The linker to combine object files into the final `boredos.elf` kernel binary and userland variables.
+
+2.  **NASM**:
+    -   Required to compile the `.asm` files in `src/arch/` and `src/userland/crt0.asm`. It formats the output as `elf64` objects to be linked alongside the C code.
+
+3.  **xorriso**:
+    -   A specialized tool to create ISO 9660 filesystem images.
+    -   *Why?* `xorriso` packages the compiled kernel, Limine bootloader, and asset files (fonts, images, userland binaries) into the final bootable `boredos.iso` CD-ROM image.
+
+4.  **QEMU** (Optional but highly recommended for testing):
+    -   `qemu-system-x86_64` is used for rapid emulation and testing.
+
+## Installation (macOS)
+
+You can easily install the complete toolchain using Homebrew:
+
+```sh
+brew install x86_64-elf-binutils x86_64-elf-gcc nasm xorriso qemu
+```
+
+## Installation (Linux)
+
+Depending on your distribution, the installation commands vary. Note that some distributions may require you to build the `x86_64-elf` cross-compiler from source if it isn't available in their default repositories.
+
+### Debian / Ubuntu
+```sh
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install build-essential bison flex libgmp3-dev libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev texinfo nasm xorriso qemu-system-x86
+```
+*(Note: You will need to build the `x86_64-elf` cross-compiler from source or find a compatible PPA, as it is not in the default Debian/Ubuntu repositories.)*
+
+### Arch Linux
+Arch Linux provides the regular tools in its standard repositories and the cross-compiler via the AUR:
+```sh
+sudo pacman -S nasm xorriso qemu-full
+yay -S x86_64-elf-gcc x86_64-elf-binutils
+```
+
+### Fedora
+```sh
+sudo dnf install make gcc gcc-c++ bison flex gmp-devel mpfr-devel libmpc-devel texinfo nasm xorriso qemu
+```

docs/build/usage.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Building, Running, and Deployment
+
+BoredOS uses a single top-level `Makefile` to orchestrate the build process.
+
+## The Build Process
+
+When you run `make` in the root directory, the following stages occur automatically:
+
+1.  **Limine Setup (`limine-setup`)**:
+    If the Limine bootloader binaries are missing, the Makefile automatically clones the appropriate Limine binary release from GitHub and compiles its host utility.
+2.  **Kernel Compilation**:
+    All `.c` files in `src/core`, `src/mem`, `src/dev`, `src/sys`, `src/fs`, `src/wm`, and `src/net` are compiled into object files (`.o`) inside the `build/` directory using `x86_64-elf-gcc`.
+3.  **Kernel Assembly**:
+    All `.asm` files in `src/arch/` are assembled into object files using `nasm`.
+4.  **Kernel Linking**:
+    `x86_64-elf-ld` links the kernel object files together, instructed by the `linker.ld` script, outputting the `boredos.elf` kernel binary.
+5.  **Userland Compilation**:
+    The Makefile shifts into the `src/userland` directory, compiling the custom `libc` and generating `bin/*.elf` executable user applications.
+6.  **ISO Generation**:
+    The `iso_root` directory is staged. The kernel, Limine configuration, fonts, images, and userland applications are copied in. Finally, `xorriso` generates the `boredos.iso` bootable image.
+
+## Minimum System Requirements
+
+To run BoredOS successfully (either in emulation or on bare metal), your target machine should meet the following minimum requirements:
+
+-   **CPU**: An `x86_64` (64-bit) compatible processor.
+-   **Memory**: Approximately `~256 MB` of RAM.
+-   **Display**: A VGA-compatible display (required for the GUI Window Manager).
+-   **Networking (Optional)**: A compatible Network Interface Card (NIC) is required if you want to use the networking stack (e.g., an Intel E1000 or similar supported by the [`net/nic/`](../../src/net/nic/) drivers). Networking is not strictly required for the OS to boot or run offline applications.
+
+
+## Running in Emulation
+
+To test the generated ISO quickly without real hardware, use the QEMU emulator:
+
+```sh
+make run
+```
+
+This command invokes QEMU with specific arguments:
+-   `-m 4G`: Allocates 4 Gigabytes of RAM.
+-   `-cdrom boredos.iso`: Mounts the built OS image as a CD-ROM.
+-   `-netdev user...`: Sets up a basic NAT network interface for the OS's networking stack.
+-   `-smp 4`: Enables 4 CPU cores.
+-   `-drive file=disk.img...`: Attaches a raw disk image included in this release of BoredOS.
+
+## Running on Bare Metal
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> Running hobby operating systems on real hardware is at your own risk and may cause undefined behavior.
+
+To boot BoredOS on a physical PC:
+
+1.  Build the OS to get `boredos.iso`.
+2.  Use a flashing tool like **Balena Etcher** or `dd` to write the ISO to a USB flash drive.
+3.  Reboot your target computer, enter the BIOS/UEFI setup.
+4.  **Boot Configuration**: BoredOS supports booting on both modern **UEFI** systems and legacy **BIOS** systems natively via Limine. Ensure **Secure Boot** is disabled in your firmware settings.
+5.  Select the USB drive from the boot menu.

src/arch/interrupts.asm

@@ -7,9 +7,13 @@ global isr1_wrapper
 global isr8_wrapper
 global isr12_wrapper
 global isr14_wrapper
+global isr128_wrapper
+global isr_sched_ipi_wrapper
 extern timer_handler
 extern keyboard_handler
 extern mouse_handler
+extern sched_ipi_handler
+extern syscall_handler_c
 extern exception_handler_c
 
 ; Helper to send EOI (End of Interrupt) to PIC
@@ -41,7 +45,11 @@ isr%2_wrapper:
     push r14
     push r15
     
-    ; Save SSE/FPU state
+    test qword [rsp + 144], 3
+    jz %%skip_swap
+    swapgs
+%%skip_swap:
+    
     sub rsp, 512
     fxsave [rsp]
 
@@ -72,6 +80,12 @@ isr%2_wrapper:
     pop rcx
     pop rbx
     pop rax
+
+    test qword [rsp + 24], 3
+    jz %%skip_swap_back
+    swapgs
+%%skip_swap_back:
+
     add rsp, 16 ; drop dummy vector and error code
     iretq
 %endmacro
@@ -85,6 +99,12 @@ isr1_wrapper:
 isr12_wrapper:
     ISR_NOERRCODE mouse_handler, 44
 
+isr_sched_ipi_wrapper:
+    ISR_NOERRCODE sched_ipi_handler, 65
+
+isr128_wrapper:
+    ISR_NOERRCODE syscall_handler_c, 128
+
 ; Common exception macro for exceptions WITHOUT error code
 %macro EXCEPTION_NOERRCODE 1
 global exc%1_wrapper
@@ -154,7 +174,11 @@ exception_common:
     push r14
     push r15
 
-    ; Save SSE/FPU state
+    test qword [rsp + 144], 3
+    jz .skip_swap_exc
+    swapgs
+.skip_swap_exc:
+    
     sub rsp, 512
     fxsave [rsp]
 
@@ -186,6 +210,12 @@ exception_common:
     pop rcx
     pop rbx
     pop rax
+
+    test qword [rsp + 24], 3
+    jz .skip_swap_back_exc
+    swapgs
+.skip_swap_back_exc:
+
     add rsp, 16 ; drop vector and error code
     iretq
 

src/arch/syscalls.asm

@@ -15,15 +15,14 @@ section .text
 ; R9  = arg5
 
 syscall_entry:
-    ; 1. Switch to Kernel Stack safely
-    ; Note: For true SMP safety, we need per-CPU storage (via swapgs).
-    ; For now, we use a global scratch which is only safe because we mask interrupts on entry.
-    mov [rel user_rsp_scratch], rsp
-    mov rsp, [rel kernel_syscall_stack]
+    swapgs 
     
-    ; 2. Build iretq frame (compatible with registers_t)
+    mov [gs:40], rsp
+    mov rsp, [gs:48]
+
+    ; 2. Build iretq frame 
     push 0x1B           ; SS (User Data)
-    push qword [rel user_rsp_scratch] ; RSP
+    push qword [gs:40]  ; RSP
     push r11            ; RFLAGS (captured by syscall)
     push 0x23           ; CS (User Code)
     push rcx            ; RIP (return address from syscall)
@@ -81,14 +80,7 @@ syscall_entry:
     pop rax
     add rsp, 16 ; drop int_no/err_code
     
-    ; Debug: check RIP before iretq
-    ; We can't easily print from here without destroying registers, 
-    ; but we can at least check if it's canonical.
-    
+    swapgs 
     iretq
 
 section .bss
-global kernel_syscall_stack
-global user_rsp_scratch
-kernel_syscall_stack: resq 1
-user_rsp_scratch: resq 1

src/core/kutils.c

@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@ int k_strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2) {
     return *(const unsigned char*)s1 - *(const unsigned char*)s2;
 }
 
+int k_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n) {
+    while (n && *s1 && (*s1 == *s2)) {
+        s1++;
+        s2++;
+        n--;
+    }
+    if (n == 0) return 0;
+    return *(const unsigned char*)s1 - *(const unsigned char*)s2;
+}
+
 void k_strcpy(char *dest, const char *src) {
     while (*src) *dest++ = *src++;
     *dest = 0;
@@ -108,17 +118,40 @@ void k_reboot(void) {
 }
 
 void k_shutdown(void) {
-    outw(0x604, 0x2000);
+    outw(0xB004, 0x2000); // QEMU older / some pc machines
+    outw(0x604, 0x2000);  // QEMU newer (i440fx/q35)
+    outw(0x4004, 0x3400); // VirtualBox fallback
 }
 
+volatile uint64_t beep_end_tick = 0;
+bool beep_active = false;
+
 void k_beep(int freq, int ms) {
-    if (freq <= 0) return;
+    if (freq <= 0) {
+        outb(0x61, inb(0x61) & 0xFC);
+        beep_active = false;
+        return;
+    }
     int div = 1193180 / freq;
     outb(0x43, 0xB6);
     outb(0x42, div & 0xFF);
     outb(0x42, (div >> 8) & 0xFF);
     outb(0x61, inb(0x61) | 0x03);
-    k_sleep(ms);
-    outb(0x61, inb(0x61) & 0xFC);
+    
+    uint32_t ticks = ms / 16;
+    if (ticks == 0 && ms > 0) ticks = 1;
+    extern volatile uint64_t kernel_ticks;
+    beep_end_tick = kernel_ticks + ticks;
+    beep_active = true;
+}
+
+void k_beep_process(void) {
+    if (beep_active) {
+        extern volatile uint64_t kernel_ticks;
+        if (kernel_ticks >= beep_end_tick) {
+            outb(0x61, inb(0x61) & 0xFC);
+            beep_active = false;
+        }
+    }
 }
 

src/core/kutils.h

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
 // Kernel string utilities
 void k_memset(void *dest, int val, size_t len);
 void k_memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
 size_t k_strlen(const char *str);
 int k_strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+int k_strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
 void k_strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);
 int k_atoi(const char *str);
 void k_itoa(int n, char *buf);
@@ -23,5 +25,6 @@ void k_sleep(int ms);
 void k_reboot(void);
 void k_shutdown(void);
 void k_beep(int freq, int ms);
+void k_beep_process(void);
 
 #endif

src/core/main.c

@@ -16,9 +16,20 @@
 #include "wm.h"
 #include "io.h"
 #include "fat32.h"
+#include "tar.h"
+#include "vfs.h"
 #include "memory_manager.h"
 #include "platform.h"
 #include "wallpaper.h"
+#include "smp.h"
+#include "work_queue.h"
+#include "lapic.h"
+#include "fs/sysfs.h"
+#include "fs/procfs.h"
+#include "sys/kernel_subsystem.h"
+#include "sys/module_manager.h"
+
+extern void sysfs_init_subsystems(void);
 
 // --- Limine Requests ---
 __attribute__((used, section(".requests")))
@@ -42,11 +53,19 @@ static volatile struct limine_module_request module_request = {
     .revision = 0
 };
 
+__attribute__((used, section(".requests")))
+static volatile struct limine_smp_request smp_request = {
+    .id = LIMINE_SMP_REQUEST,
+    .revision = 0,
+    .flags = 0
+};
+
 __attribute__((used, section(".requests_start")))
 static volatile struct limine_request *const requests_start_marker[] = {
     (struct limine_request *)&framebuffer_request,
     (struct limine_request *)&memmap_request,
     (struct limine_request *)&module_request,
+    (struct limine_request *)&smp_request,
     NULL
 };
 
@@ -93,8 +112,35 @@ void serial_write_hex(uint64_t n) {
 }
 
 // Kernel Entry Point
+
+static void fat32_mkdir_recursive(const char *path) {
+    char temp[256];
+    int i = 0;
+    
+    // Skip initial slash
+    if (path[0] == '/') {
+        temp[0] = '/';
+        i = 1;
+    }
+    
+    while (path[i] && i < 255) {
+        temp[i] = path[i];
+        if (path[i] == '/') {
+            temp[i] = '\0';
+            fat32_mkdir(temp);
+            temp[i] = '/';
+        }
+        i++;
+    }
+    if (i > 0 && temp[i-1] != '/') {
+        temp[i] = '\0';
+        fat32_mkdir(temp);
+    }
+}
+
 void kmain(void) {
     init_serial();
+    vfs_init();
     serial_write("\n[DEBUG] Entering kmain...\n");
 
     platform_init();
@@ -118,6 +164,8 @@ void kmain(void) {
         // The memory manager will now scan the memory map and manage all usable regions.
         memory_manager_init_from_memmap(memmap_request.response);
         serial_write("[DEBUG] memory_manager_init OK\n");
+        smp_init_bsp();
+        serial_write("[DEBUG] smp_init_bsp OK\n");
     } else {
         serial_write("[DEBUG] ERROR: No usable memory for heap! Check Limine memmap.\n");
         hcf();
@@ -158,6 +206,12 @@ void kmain(void) {
     fat32_mkdir("/Library/images/gif");
     fat32_mkdir("/Library/Fonts");
     fat32_mkdir("/Library/DOOM");
+    fat32_mkdir("/docs");
+
+    // Initialize Virtual Filesystems
+    sysfs_init_subsystems();
+    vfs_mount("/sys", "sysfs", "sysfs", sysfs_get_ops(), NULL);
+    vfs_mount("/proc", "procfs", "procfs", procfs_get_ops(), NULL);
 
     if (module_request.response == NULL) {
         serial_write("[DEBUG] ERROR: Limine Module Response is NULL!\n");
@@ -172,11 +226,34 @@ void kmain(void) {
             if (fs_starts_with(clean_path, "boot():")) clean_path += 7;
             else if (fs_starts_with(clean_path, "boot:///")) clean_path += 8;
             
-            FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(clean_path, "w");
-            if (fh && fh->valid) {
-                fat32_write(fh, mod->address, mod->size);
-                fat32_close(fh);
+            int len = 0;
+            while(clean_path[len]) len++;
+            
+            if (len >= 4 && clean_path[len-4] == '.' && clean_path[len-3] == 't' && clean_path[len-2] == 'a' && clean_path[len-1] == 'r') {
+                serial_write("[DEBUG] Parsing TAR initrd: ");
+                serial_write(clean_path);
+                serial_write("\n");
+                tar_parse(mod->address, mod->size);
+            } else {
+                char dir_path[256];
+                int last_slash = -1;
+                for (int j = 0; clean_path[j]; j++) {
+                    if (clean_path[j] == '/') last_slash = j;
+                }
+                if (last_slash > 0) {
+                    for (int j = 0; j < last_slash; j++) dir_path[j] = clean_path[j];
+                    dir_path[last_slash] = '\0';
+                    fat32_mkdir_recursive(dir_path);
+                }
+                
+                FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(clean_path, "w");
+                if (fh && fh->valid) {
+                    fat32_write(fh, mod->address, mod->size);
+                    fat32_close(fh);
+                }
             }
+            // Register all discovered modules in our module manager for /sys/module
+            module_manager_register(clean_path, (uint64_t)mod->address, mod->size);
         }
     }
     
@@ -193,11 +270,24 @@ void kmain(void) {
     ps2_init();
     asm("sti");
 
+    // Initialize LAPIC for IPI support
+    lapic_init();
+
+    // Initialize SMP 
+    if (smp_request.response != NULL) {
+        uint32_t online = smp_init(smp_request.response);
+        serial_write("[DEBUG] SMP init complete, CPUs online: ");
+        serial_write_num(online);
+        serial_write("\n");
+    } else {
+        serial_write("[DEBUG] No SMP response from bootloader\n");
+        smp_init(NULL);
+    }
+
     wm_init();
 
     asm volatile("sti");
 
-
     while (1) {
         wm_process_input();
         wm_process_deferred_thumbs();

src/core/man_entries.h

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ static size_t man_strlen(const char *str) {
 }
 
 static void write_man_file(const char *name, const char *content) {
-    char path[128] = "A:/Library/man/";
+    char path[128] = "/Library/man/";
     int i = 15;
     while (*name) path[i++] = *name++;
     path[i++] = '.';
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ static void write_man_file(const char *name, const char *content) {
 }
 
 void create_man_entries(void) {
-    fat32_mkdir("A:/Library");
-    fat32_mkdir("A:/Library/man");
+    fat32_mkdir("/Library");
+    fat32_mkdir("/Library/man");
 
     write_man_file("ping", "PING - Send ICMP echo requests\n\nUsage: ping <ip>\n\nSends ICMP echo requests to the specified IP address and displays the response times.");
     write_man_file("net", "NET - Network utilities\n\nUsage: net init\nnet info\nnet ipset >ip<\nnet udpsend >ip< >port< >message< net ping >ip< net help\n\nA collection of network-related commands.");
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void create_man_entries(void) {
     write_man_file("touch", "TOUCH - Create empty file\n\nUsage: touch <filename>\n\nCreates a new empty file if it doesn't exist.");
     write_man_file("cc", "CC - C Compiler\n\nUsage: cc <file.c>\n\nThe BoredOS C Compiler. Compiles C source files into executables. (execute these with ./>file<)");
     write_man_file("crash", "CRASH - Trigger kernel exception\n\nUsage: crash\n\nIntentionally triggers a null pointer dereference to test handlers.");
-    write_man_file("sysfetch", "SYSFETCH - Show OS information\n\nUsage: sysfetch\n\nDisplays system information in a neofetch-like layout. Configurable via A:/Library/conf/sysfetch.cfg.");
+    write_man_file("sysfetch", "SYSFETCH - Show OS information\n\nUsage: sysfetch\n\nDisplays system information in a neofetch-like layout. Configurable via /Library/conf/sysfetch.cfg.");
     write_man_file("meminfo", "MEMINFO - Memory usage stats\n\nUsage: meminfo\n\nDisplays current physical and virtual memory allocation statistics.");
     write_man_file("pci_list", "PCI_LIST - Scan PCI bus\n\nUsage: pci_list\n\nScans the PCI bus and lists all detected hardware devices.");
     write_man_file("reboot", "REBOOT - Restart system\n\nUsage: reboot\n\nRestarts the computer immediately.");

src/core/platform.c

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "limine.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "platform.h"
+#include "kutils.h"
+static volatile struct limine_hhdm_request hhdm_request __attribute__((used, section(".requests"))) = {
+    .id = LIMINE_HHDM_REQUEST,
+    .revision = 0,
+    .response = NULL
+};
+static volatile struct limine_kernel_address_request kernel_addr_request __attribute__((used, section(".requests"))) = {
+    .id = LIMINE_KERNEL_ADDRESS_REQUEST,
+    .revision = 0,
+    .response = NULL
+};
+uint64_t hhdm_offset = 0;
+uint64_t kernel_phys_base = 0;
+uint64_t kernel_virt_base = 0;
+void platform_init(void) {
+    if (hhdm_request.response) { hhdm_offset = hhdm_request.response->offset; }
+    if (kernel_addr_request.response) {
+        kernel_phys_base = kernel_addr_request.response->physical_base;
+        kernel_virt_base = kernel_addr_request.response->virtual_base;
+    }
+
+    // Enable FPU and SSE
+    uint64_t cr0;
+    asm volatile("mov %%cr0, %0" : "=r"(cr0));
+    cr0 &= ~(1ULL << 2); // Clear EM (Emulation)
+    cr0 |= (1ULL << 1);  // Set MP (Monitor Coprocessor)
+    cr0 |= (1ULL << 5);  // Set NE (Numeric Error)
+    asm volatile("mov %0, %%cr0" : : "r"(cr0));
+
+    uint64_t cr4;
+    asm volatile("mov %%cr4, %0" : "=r"(cr4));
+    cr4 |= (1ULL << 9);  // Set OSFXSR (FXSAVE/FXRSTOR support)
+    cr4 |= (1ULL << 10); // Set OSXMMEXCPT (SIMD exception support)
+    asm volatile("mov %0, %%cr4" : : "r"(cr4));
+
+    // Initialize FPU
+    asm volatile("fninit");
+}
+uint64_t p2v(uint64_t phys) { return phys + hhdm_offset; }
+uint64_t v2p(uint64_t virt) {
+    if (kernel_virt_base && virt >= kernel_virt_base) {
+        return virt - kernel_virt_base + kernel_phys_base;
+    }
+    if (hhdm_offset && virt >= hhdm_offset) {
+        return virt - hhdm_offset;
+    }
+    return virt;
+}
+void platform_get_cpu_model(char *model) {
+    uint32_t brand[12];
+    uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        asm volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(eax), "=b"(ebx), "=c"(ecx), "=d"(edx) : "a"(0x80000002 + i));
+        brand[i * 4 + 0] = eax;
+        brand[i * 4 + 1] = ebx;
+        brand[i * 4 + 2] = ecx;
+        brand[i * 4 + 3] = edx;
+    }
+    
+    char *p = (char *)brand;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 48; i++) {
+        model[i] = p[i];
+    }
+    model[48] = '\0';
+}
+void platform_get_cpu_vendor(char *vendor) {
+    uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+    asm volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(eax), "=b"(ebx), "=c"(ecx), "=d"(edx) : "a"(0));
+    
+    char *p = (char *)vendor;
+    *((uint32_t *)&p[0]) = ebx;
+    *((uint32_t *)&p[4]) = edx;
+    *((uint32_t *)&p[8]) = ecx;
+    p[12] = '\0';
+}
+
+void platform_get_cpu_info(cpu_info_t *info) {
+    uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+    
+    // CPUID leaf 1: basic feature information
+    asm volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(eax), "=b"(ebx), "=c"(ecx), "=d"(edx) : "a"(1));
+    
+    info->stepping = eax & 0xF;
+    info->model = (eax >> 4) & 0xF;
+    info->family = (eax >> 8) & 0xF;
+    info->microcode = (ebx >> 8) & 0xFF;
+    info->flags = ((uint64_t)ecx << 32) | edx;  // ECX and EDX contain feature flags
+    info->cache_size = (ebx >> 16) & 0xFF;      // Cache line size in bytes
+}
+
+void platform_get_cpu_flags(char *flags_str) {
+    uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+    
+    flags_str[0] = '\0';
+    
+    // CPUID leaf 1
+    asm volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(eax), "=b"(ebx), "=c"(ecx), "=d"(edx) : "a"(1));
+    
+    // ECX flags
+    if (ecx & (1 << 0)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sse3 ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 1)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "pclmulqdq ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 3)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "monitor ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 6)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "ssse3 ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 9)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sdbg ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 12)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "fma ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 13)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "cx16 ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 19)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sse4_1 ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 20)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sse4_2 ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 23)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "popcnt ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 25)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "aes ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 26)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "xsave ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 28)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "avx ");
+    
+    // EDX flags
+    if (edx & (1 << 0)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "fpu ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 3)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "pse ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 4)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "tsc ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 6)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "pae ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 8)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "cx8 ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 9)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "apic ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 11)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sep ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 15)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "cmov ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 23)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "mmx ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 24)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "fxsr ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 25)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sse ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 26)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "sse2 ");
+    
+    // Extended leaf 0x80000001 for advanced flags
+    asm volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(eax), "=b"(ebx), "=c"(ecx), "=d"(edx) : "a"(0x80000001));
+    
+    if (edx & (1 << 11)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "syscall ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 20)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "nx ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 26)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "pdpe1gb ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 27)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "rdtscp ");
+    if (edx & (1 << 29)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "lm ");
+    
+    if (ecx & (1 << 0)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "lahf_lm ");
+    if (ecx & (1 << 5)) k_strcpy(flags_str + k_strlen(flags_str), "abm ");
+    
+    // Remove trailing space
+    int len = k_strlen(flags_str);
+    if (len > 0 && flags_str[len-1] == ' ') {
+        flags_str[len-1] = '\0';
+    }
+}

src/core/platform.h

@@ -6,9 +6,21 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t family;
+    uint32_t model;
+    uint32_t stepping;
+    uint32_t microcode;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    uint32_t cache_size;
+} cpu_info_t;
+
 void platform_init(void);
 uint64_t p2v(uint64_t phys);
 uint64_t v2p(uint64_t virt);
 void platform_get_cpu_model(char *model);
+void platform_get_cpu_vendor(char *vendor);
+void platform_get_cpu_info(cpu_info_t *info);
+void platform_get_cpu_flags(char *flags_str);
 
 #endif

src/core/version.c

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#include "syscall.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+extern void mem_memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
+
+void get_os_info(os_info_t *info) {
+    if (!info) return;
+
+    char *p = (char *)info;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(os_info_t); i++) p[i] = 0;
+
+    const char *os_name = "BoredOS";
+    const char *os_version = "26.4";
+    const char *os_codename = "Voyager";
+    const char *kernel_name = "Boredkernel";
+    const char *kernel_version = "4.0.1-stable";
+    const char *build_date = __DATE__;
+    const char *build_time = __TIME__;
+    const char *build_arch = "x86_64";
+
+    int j;
+    j = 0; while (os_name[j] && j < 63) { info->os_name[j] = os_name[j]; j++; } info->os_name[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (os_version[j] && j < 63) { info->os_version[j] = os_version[j]; j++; } info->os_version[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (os_codename[j] && j < 63) { info->os_codename[j] = os_codename[j]; j++; } info->os_codename[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (kernel_name[j] && j < 63) { info->kernel_name[j] = kernel_name[j]; j++; } info->kernel_name[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (kernel_version[j] && j < 63) { info->kernel_version[j] = kernel_version[j]; j++; } info->kernel_version[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (build_date[j] && j < 63) { info->build_date[j] = build_date[j]; j++; } info->build_date[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (build_time[j] && j < 63) { info->build_time[j] = build_time[j]; j++; } info->build_time[j] = '\0';
+    j = 0; while (build_arch[j] && j < 63) { info->build_arch[j] = build_arch[j]; j++; } info->build_arch[j] = '\0';
+}

src/dev/ahci.c

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#include "ahci.h"
+#include "pci.h"
+#include "disk.h"
+#include "memory_manager.h"
+#include "paging.h"
+#include "io.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+extern void serial_write(const char *str);
+extern void serial_write_num(uint64_t num);
+extern void serial_write_hex(uint32_t val);
+
+// ============================================================================
+// AHCI Driver State
+// ============================================================================
+
+static HBA_MEM *abar = NULL;               // MMIO-mapped AHCI Base Address
+static bool ahci_initialized = false;
+static int active_port_count = 0;
+
+#define MAX_AHCI_PORTS 32
+
+typedef struct {
+    bool active;
+    int port_num;
+    HBA_PORT *port;
+    HBA_CMD_HEADER *cmd_list;   // 1KB, 1KB aligned
+    void *fis_base;             // 256B, 256B aligned
+    HBA_CMD_TBL *cmd_tbl;      // Command table for slot 0
+} ahci_port_state_t;
+
+static ahci_port_state_t ports[MAX_AHCI_PORTS];
+
+// ============================================================================
+// String Helpers
+// ============================================================================
+
+static void ahci_strcpy(char *d, const char *s) {
+    while ((*d++ = *s++));
+}
+
+// Kernel virtual to physical address conversion
+extern uint64_t v2p(uint64_t vaddr);
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Port Setup
+// ============================================================================
+
+static void ahci_stop_cmd(HBA_PORT *port) {
+    // Clear ST (Start)
+    port->cmd &= ~HBA_PORT_CMD_ST;
+
+    // Clear FRE (FIS Receive Enable)
+    port->cmd &= ~HBA_PORT_CMD_FRE;
+
+    // Wait until FR and CR clear
+    int timeout = 500000;
+    while (timeout-- > 0) {
+        if (port->cmd & HBA_PORT_CMD_FR) continue;
+        if (port->cmd & HBA_PORT_CMD_CR) continue;
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void ahci_start_cmd(HBA_PORT *port) {
+    // Wait until CR clears
+    while (port->cmd & HBA_PORT_CMD_CR);
+
+    // Set FRE and ST
+    port->cmd |= HBA_PORT_CMD_FRE;
+    port->cmd |= HBA_PORT_CMD_ST;
+}
+
+static int ahci_check_port_type(HBA_PORT *port) {
+    uint32_t ssts = port->ssts;
+    uint8_t ipm = (ssts >> 8) & 0x0F;
+    uint8_t det = ssts & 0x0F;
+
+    if (det != 3) return -1;   // No device detected
+    if (ipm != 1) return -1;   // Not in active state
+
+    switch (port->sig) {
+        case SATA_SIG_ATA:   return 0;   // SATA drive
+        case SATA_SIG_ATAPI: return 1;   // SATAPI drive
+        case SATA_SIG_SEMB:  return 2;   // SEMB
+        case SATA_SIG_PM:    return 3;   // Port multiplier
+        default:             return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void ahci_port_rebase(ahci_port_state_t *ps) {
+    HBA_PORT *port = ps->port;
+
+    ahci_stop_cmd(port);
+
+    // Allocate command list (1KB, 1024-byte aligned)
+    ps->cmd_list = (HBA_CMD_HEADER*)kmalloc_aligned(1024, 1024);
+    if (!ps->cmd_list) return;
+    mem_memset(ps->cmd_list, 0, 1024);
+
+    uint64_t clb_phys = v2p((uint64_t)ps->cmd_list);
+    port->clb = (uint32_t)(clb_phys & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    port->clbu = (uint32_t)(clb_phys >> 32);
+
+    // Allocate FIS receive area (256 bytes, 256-byte aligned)
+    ps->fis_base = kmalloc_aligned(256, 256);
+    if (!ps->fis_base) return;
+    mem_memset(ps->fis_base, 0, 256);
+
+    uint64_t fb_phys = v2p((uint64_t)ps->fis_base);
+    port->fb = (uint32_t)(fb_phys & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    port->fbu = (uint32_t)(fb_phys >> 32);
+
+    // Allocate command table for slot 0 (256-byte aligned, room for 8 PRDT entries)
+    int cmd_tbl_size = sizeof(HBA_CMD_TBL) + 8 * sizeof(HBA_PRDT_ENTRY);
+    ps->cmd_tbl = (HBA_CMD_TBL*)kmalloc_aligned(cmd_tbl_size, 256);
+    if (!ps->cmd_tbl) return;
+    mem_memset(ps->cmd_tbl, 0, cmd_tbl_size);
+
+    // Set command header 0 to point to our command table
+    uint64_t ctba_phys = v2p((uint64_t)ps->cmd_tbl);
+    ps->cmd_list[0].ctba = (uint32_t)(ctba_phys & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    ps->cmd_list[0].ctbau = (uint32_t)(ctba_phys >> 32);
+    ps->cmd_list[0].prdtl = 1;  // 1 PRDT entry default
+
+    // Clear error and interrupt status
+    port->serr = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    port->is = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    ahci_start_cmd(port);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Sector I/O
+// ============================================================================
+
+static int ahci_find_free_slot(HBA_PORT *port) {
+    uint32_t slots = (port->sact | port->ci);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+        if (!(slots & (1 << i))) return i;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+int ahci_read_sectors(int port_num, uint64_t lba, uint32_t count, uint8_t *buffer) {
+    if (!ahci_initialized || port_num < 0 || port_num >= MAX_AHCI_PORTS) return -1;
+    ahci_port_state_t *ps = &ports[port_num];
+    if (!ps->active) return -1;
+
+    HBA_PORT *port = ps->port;
+
+    // Clear any pending interrupts/errors
+    port->is = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    int slot = ahci_find_free_slot(port);
+    if (slot < 0) return -1;
+
+    HBA_CMD_HEADER *cmd_hdr = &ps->cmd_list[slot];
+    cmd_hdr->cfl = sizeof(FIS_REG_H2D) / sizeof(uint32_t);
+    cmd_hdr->w = 0;   // Read
+    cmd_hdr->prdtl = 1;
+
+    HBA_CMD_TBL *cmd_tbl = ps->cmd_tbl;
+    mem_memset(cmd_tbl, 0, sizeof(HBA_CMD_TBL) + sizeof(HBA_PRDT_ENTRY));
+
+    // Setup PRDT
+    uint64_t buf_phys = v2p((uint64_t)buffer);
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].dba = (uint32_t)(buf_phys & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].dbau = (uint32_t)(buf_phys >> 32);
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].dbc = (count * 512) - 1;   // 0-based byte count
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].i = 1;
+
+    // Setup Command FIS
+    FIS_REG_H2D *fis = (FIS_REG_H2D*)&cmd_tbl->cfis;
+    fis->fis_type = FIS_TYPE_REG_H2D;
+    fis->c = 1;  // Command
+    fis->command = ATA_CMD_READ_DMA_EX;
+
+    fis->lba0 = (uint8_t)(lba);
+    fis->lba1 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 8);
+    fis->lba2 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 16);
+    fis->device = 1 << 6;  // LBA mode
+    fis->lba3 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 24);
+    fis->lba4 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 32);
+    fis->lba5 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 40);
+
+    fis->countl = (uint8_t)(count);
+    fis->counth = (uint8_t)(count >> 8);
+
+    // Issue command
+    port->ci = (1 << slot);
+
+    // Wait for completion
+    int timeout = 1000000;
+    while (timeout-- > 0) {
+        if (!(port->ci & (1 << slot))) break;
+        if (port->is & (1 << 30)) {  // Task File Error
+            serial_write("[AHCI] Read error on port ");
+            serial_write_num(port_num);
+            serial_write("\n");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (timeout <= 0) {
+        serial_write("[AHCI] Read timeout on port ");
+        serial_write_num(port_num);
+        serial_write("\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ahci_write_sectors(int port_num, uint64_t lba, uint32_t count, const uint8_t *buffer) {
+    if (!ahci_initialized || port_num < 0 || port_num >= MAX_AHCI_PORTS) return -1;
+    ahci_port_state_t *ps = &ports[port_num];
+    if (!ps->active) return -1;
+
+    HBA_PORT *port = ps->port;
+
+    port->is = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    int slot = ahci_find_free_slot(port);
+    if (slot < 0) return -1;
+
+    HBA_CMD_HEADER *cmd_hdr = &ps->cmd_list[slot];
+    cmd_hdr->cfl = sizeof(FIS_REG_H2D) / sizeof(uint32_t);
+    cmd_hdr->w = 1;   // Write
+    cmd_hdr->prdtl = 1;
+
+    HBA_CMD_TBL *cmd_tbl = ps->cmd_tbl;
+    mem_memset(cmd_tbl, 0, sizeof(HBA_CMD_TBL) + sizeof(HBA_PRDT_ENTRY));
+
+    uint64_t buf_phys = v2p((uint64_t)buffer);
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].dba = (uint32_t)(buf_phys & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].dbau = (uint32_t)(buf_phys >> 32);
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].dbc = (count * 512) - 1;
+    cmd_tbl->prdt[0].i = 1;
+
+    FIS_REG_H2D *fis = (FIS_REG_H2D*)&cmd_tbl->cfis;
+    fis->fis_type = FIS_TYPE_REG_H2D;
+    fis->c = 1;
+    fis->command = ATA_CMD_WRITE_DMA_EX;
+
+    fis->lba0 = (uint8_t)(lba);
+    fis->lba1 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 8);
+    fis->lba2 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 16);
+    fis->device = 1 << 6;
+    fis->lba3 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 24);
+    fis->lba4 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 32);
+    fis->lba5 = (uint8_t)(lba >> 40);
+
+    fis->countl = (uint8_t)(count);
+    fis->counth = (uint8_t)(count >> 8);
+
+    port->ci = (1 << slot);
+
+    int timeout = 1000000;
+    while (timeout-- > 0) {
+        if (!(port->ci & (1 << slot))) break;
+        if (port->is & (1 << 30)) {
+            serial_write("[AHCI] Write error on port ");
+            serial_write_num(port_num);
+            serial_write("\n");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (timeout <= 0) {
+        serial_write("[AHCI] Write timeout on port ");
+        serial_write_num(port_num);
+        serial_write("\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// AHCI Disk Integration — wrap AHCI into Disk read/write_sector
+// ============================================================================
+
+typedef struct {
+    int ahci_port;
+} AHCIDriverData;
+
+static int ahci_disk_read_sector(Disk *disk, uint32_t sector, uint8_t *buffer) {
+    AHCIDriverData *data = (AHCIDriverData*)disk->driver_data;
+
+    // For partitions, add offset and use parent's port
+    if (disk->is_partition && disk->parent) {
+        AHCIDriverData *pdata = (AHCIDriverData*)disk->parent->driver_data;
+        return ahci_read_sectors(pdata->ahci_port,
+                                 (uint64_t)sector + disk->partition_lba_offset, 1, buffer);
+    }
+
+    return ahci_read_sectors(data->ahci_port, (uint64_t)sector, 1, buffer);
+}
+
+static int ahci_disk_write_sector(Disk *disk, uint32_t sector, const uint8_t *buffer) {
+    AHCIDriverData *data = (AHCIDriverData*)disk->driver_data;
+
+    if (disk->is_partition && disk->parent) {
+        AHCIDriverData *pdata = (AHCIDriverData*)disk->parent->driver_data;
+        return ahci_write_sectors(pdata->ahci_port,
+                                  (uint64_t)sector + disk->partition_lba_offset, 1, buffer);
+    }
+
+    return ahci_write_sectors(data->ahci_port, (uint64_t)sector, 1, buffer);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Initialization
+// ============================================================================
+
+int ahci_get_port_count(void) {
+    return active_port_count;
+}
+
+bool ahci_port_is_active(int port_num) {
+    if (port_num < 0 || port_num >= MAX_AHCI_PORTS) return false;
+    return ports[port_num].active;
+}
+
+void ahci_init(void) {
+    serial_write("[AHCI] Scanning PCI for AHCI controller...\n");
+
+    // Find AHCI controller (Class 0x01, Subclass 0x06)
+    pci_device_t pci_dev;
+    if (!pci_find_device_by_class(PCI_CLASS_MASS_STORAGE, PCI_SUBCLASS_SATA, &pci_dev)) {
+        serial_write("[AHCI] No AHCI controller found\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    serial_write("[AHCI] Found AHCI controller (");
+    serial_write("vendor=0x");
+    serial_write_hex(pci_dev.vendor_id);
+    serial_write(", device=0x");
+    serial_write_hex(pci_dev.device_id);
+    serial_write(")\n");
+
+    // Enable Bus Mastering and MMIO
+    pci_enable_bus_mastering(&pci_dev);
+    pci_enable_mmio(&pci_dev);
+
+    // Read ABAR (BAR5)
+    uint32_t abar_raw = pci_get_bar(&pci_dev, 5);
+    uint64_t abar_phys = abar_raw & 0xFFFFF000;  // Mask out lower bits
+
+    if (abar_phys == 0) {
+        serial_write("[AHCI] Invalid ABAR address\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    serial_write("[AHCI] ABAR physical address: 0x");
+    serial_write_hex((uint32_t)abar_phys);
+    serial_write("\n");
+
+    // Map ABAR region into kernel virtual address space
+    // Identity-map several pages to cover the HBA memory (at least 0x1100 bytes)
+    uint64_t abar_virt = abar_phys; // Use identity mapping
+    for (uint64_t offset = 0; offset < 0x2000; offset += 4096) {
+        paging_map_page(paging_get_pml4_phys(), abar_virt + offset,
+                        abar_phys + offset,
+                        PT_PRESENT | PT_RW | PT_CACHE_DISABLE);
+    }
+
+    abar = (HBA_MEM*)abar_virt;
+
+    // Enable AHCI mode
+    abar->ghc |= (1 << 31);  // AE (AHCI Enable)
+
+    serial_write("[AHCI] Version: ");
+    serial_write_num(abar->vs >> 16);
+    serial_write(".");
+    serial_write_num(abar->vs & 0xFFFF);
+    serial_write("\n");
+
+    // Probe ports
+    uint32_t pi = abar->pi;
+    active_port_count = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+        ports[i].active = false;
+
+        if (!(pi & (1 << i))) continue;
+
+        HBA_PORT *port = &abar->ports[i];
+        int type = ahci_check_port_type(port);
+
+        if (type == 0) { // SATA drive
+            serial_write("[AHCI] Port ");
+            serial_write_num(i);
+            serial_write(": SATA drive detected\n");
+
+            ports[i].port_num = i;
+            ports[i].port = port;
+            ahci_port_rebase(&ports[i]);
+            ports[i].active = true;
+            active_port_count++;
+
+            // Register as a block device
+            Disk *disk = (Disk*)kmalloc(sizeof(Disk));
+            if (disk) {
+                AHCIDriverData *drv = (AHCIDriverData*)kmalloc(sizeof(AHCIDriverData));
+                drv->ahci_port = i;
+
+                disk->devname[0] = 0; // Auto-assign
+                disk->type = DISK_TYPE_SATA;
+                ahci_strcpy(disk->label, "SATA Drive");
+                disk->read_sector = ahci_disk_read_sector;
+                disk->write_sector = ahci_disk_write_sector;
+                disk->driver_data = drv;
+                disk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
+                disk->total_sectors = 0;
+                disk->parent = NULL;
+                disk->is_partition = false;
+                disk->is_fat32 = false;
+
+                disk_register(disk);
+
+                // Let disk_manager parse partitions — we call a scan function
+                extern void disk_manager_scan_partitions(Disk *disk);
+                // Inline MBR parse for this disk
+                extern void serial_write(const char *str);
+                serial_write("[AHCI] Probing partitions on /dev/");
+                serial_write(disk->devname);
+                serial_write("...\n");
+
+                // Read MBR sector 0
+                uint8_t *mbr_buf = (uint8_t*)kmalloc(512);
+                if (mbr_buf) {
+                    if (ahci_disk_read_sector(disk, 0, mbr_buf) == 0) {
+                        if (mbr_buf[510] == 0x55 && mbr_buf[511] == 0xAA) {
+                            // Parse MBR partition table
+                            typedef struct {
+                                uint8_t  status;
+                                uint8_t  chs_first[3];
+                                uint8_t  type;
+                                uint8_t  chs_last[3];
+                                uint32_t lba_start;
+                                uint32_t sector_count;
+                            } __attribute__((packed)) MBR_Part;
+
+                            MBR_Part *parts = (MBR_Part*)&mbr_buf[446];
+                            int pn = 1;
+                            for (int p = 0; p < 4; p++) {
+                                if (parts[p].type == 0x00 || parts[p].sector_count == 0)
+                                    continue;
+
+                                bool fat32 = false;
+                                if (parts[p].type == 0x0B || parts[p].type == 0x0C) {
+                                    // Verify BPB
+                                    uint8_t *pbuf = (uint8_t*)kmalloc(512);
+                                    if (pbuf) {
+                                        if (ahci_disk_read_sector(disk, parts[p].lba_start, pbuf) == 0) {
+                                            if (pbuf[510] == 0x55 && pbuf[511] == 0xAA) {
+                                                uint16_t bps = *(uint16_t*)&pbuf[11];
+                                                uint16_t spf16 = *(uint16_t*)&pbuf[22];
+                                                uint32_t spf32 = *(uint32_t*)&pbuf[36];
+                                                if (bps == 512 && spf16 == 0 && spf32 > 0)
+                                                    fat32 = true;
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        kfree(pbuf);
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                disk_register_partition(disk, parts[p].lba_start,
+                                                        parts[p].sector_count, fat32, pn);
+                                pn++;
+                            }
+
+                            // Fallback: raw FAT32
+                            if (pn == 1) {
+                                uint16_t bps = *(uint16_t*)&mbr_buf[11];
+                                uint16_t spf16 = *(uint16_t*)&mbr_buf[22];
+                                uint32_t spf32 = *(uint32_t*)&mbr_buf[36];
+                                if (bps == 512 && spf16 == 0 && spf32 > 0) {
+                                    disk->is_fat32 = true;
+                                    disk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
+                                    serial_write("[AHCI] Raw FAT32 volume detected\n");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    kfree(mbr_buf);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (type == 1) {
+            serial_write("[AHCI] Port ");
+            serial_write_num(i);
+            serial_write(": SATAPI drive (ignored)\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (active_port_count > 0) {
+        ahci_initialized = true;
+        serial_write("[AHCI] Initialization complete: ");
+        serial_write_num(active_port_count);
+        serial_write(" SATA port(s) active\n");
+    } else {
+        serial_write("[AHCI] No active SATA ports found\n");
+    }
+}

src/dev/ahci.h

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#ifndef AHCI_H
+#define AHCI_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+// ============================================================================
+// FIS (Frame Information Structure) Types
+// ============================================================================
+
+typedef enum {
+    FIS_TYPE_REG_H2D   = 0x27,    // Register FIS — Host to Device
+    FIS_TYPE_REG_D2H   = 0x34,    // Register FIS — Device to Host
+    FIS_TYPE_DMA_ACT   = 0x39,    // DMA Activate FIS
+    FIS_TYPE_DMA_SETUP = 0x41,    // DMA Setup FIS
+    FIS_TYPE_DATA      = 0x46,    // Data FIS
+    FIS_TYPE_BIST      = 0x58,    // BIST Activate FIS
+    FIS_TYPE_PIO_SETUP = 0x5F,    // PIO Setup FIS
+    FIS_TYPE_DEV_BITS  = 0xA1,    // Set Device Bits FIS
+} FIS_TYPE;
+
+// ============================================================================
+// HBA Register Structures (MMIO-mapped from ABAR)
+// ============================================================================
+
+// Port Registers (one set per port, at ABAR + 0x100 + portno*0x80)
+typedef volatile struct {
+    uint32_t clb;       // 0x00: Command List Base Address (lower 32 bits)
+    uint32_t clbu;      // 0x04: Command List Base Address (upper 32 bits)
+    uint32_t fb;        // 0x08: FIS Base Address (lower 32 bits)
+    uint32_t fbu;       // 0x0C: FIS Base Address (upper 32 bits)
+    uint32_t is;        // 0x10: Interrupt Status
+    uint32_t ie;        // 0x14: Interrupt Enable
+    uint32_t cmd;       // 0x18: Command and Status
+    uint32_t rsv0;      // 0x1C: Reserved
+    uint32_t tfd;       // 0x20: Task File Data
+    uint32_t sig;       // 0x24: Signature
+    uint32_t ssts;      // 0x28: SATA Status (SStatus)
+    uint32_t sctl;      // 0x2C: SATA Control (SControl)
+    uint32_t serr;      // 0x30: SATA Error (SError)
+    uint32_t sact;      // 0x34: SATA Active (SCR3)
+    uint32_t ci;        // 0x38: Command Issue
+    uint32_t sntf;      // 0x3C: SATA Notification (SCR4)
+    uint32_t fbs;       // 0x40: FIS-based Switch Control
+    uint32_t rsv1[11];  // 0x44~0x6F
+    uint32_t vendor[4]; // 0x70~0x7F
+} HBA_PORT;
+
+// Global HBA Memory Registers (at ABAR)
+typedef volatile struct {
+    uint32_t cap;       // 0x00: Host Capability
+    uint32_t ghc;       // 0x04: Global Host Control
+    uint32_t is;        // 0x08: Interrupt Status
+    uint32_t pi;        // 0x0C: Port Implemented
+    uint32_t vs;        // 0x10: Version
+    uint32_t ccc_ctl;   // 0x14: Command Completion Coalescing Control
+    uint32_t ccc_pts;   // 0x18: Command Completion Coalescing Ports
+    uint32_t em_loc;    // 0x1C: Enclosure Management Location
+    uint32_t em_ctl;    // 0x20: Enclosure Management Control
+    uint32_t cap2;      // 0x24: Host Capabilities Extended
+    uint32_t bohc;      // 0x28: BIOS/OS Handoff Control and Status
+    uint8_t  rsv[0xA0 - 0x2C];
+    uint8_t  vendor[0x100 - 0xA0];
+    HBA_PORT ports[];   // Port 0 at offset 0x100 (flexible array member)
+} HBA_MEM;
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Command List / Table Structures (DMA)
+// ============================================================================
+
+// Command Header (32 bytes each, 32 entries per port = 1KB)
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t  cfl:5;     // Command FIS Length (in DWORDs)
+    uint8_t  a:1;       // ATAPI
+    uint8_t  w:1;       // Write (1=H2D, 0=D2H)
+    uint8_t  p:1;       // Prefetchable
+
+    uint8_t  r:1;       // Reset
+    uint8_t  b:1;       // BIST
+    uint8_t  c:1;       // Clear Busy upon R_OK
+    uint8_t  rsv0:1;
+    uint8_t  pmp:4;     // Port Multiplier Port
+
+    uint16_t prdtl;     // Physical Region Descriptor Table Length (entries)
+
+    volatile uint32_t prdbc;  // PRD Byte Count transferred
+
+    uint32_t ctba;      // Command Table Descriptor Base Address (lower 32)
+    uint32_t ctbau;     // Command Table Descriptor Base Address (upper 32)
+
+    uint32_t rsv1[4];   // Reserved
+} __attribute__((packed)) HBA_CMD_HEADER;
+
+// Physical Region Descriptor Table Entry
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t dba;       // Data Base Address (lower 32)
+    uint32_t dbau;      // Data Base Address (upper 32)
+    uint32_t rsv0;      // Reserved
+    uint32_t dbc:22;    // Byte Count (0-based, max 4MB)
+    uint32_t rsv1:9;    // Reserved
+    uint32_t i:1;       // Interrupt on Completion
+} __attribute__((packed)) HBA_PRDT_ENTRY;
+
+// Host-to-Device Register FIS
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t  fis_type;  // FIS_TYPE_REG_H2D
+    uint8_t  pmport:4;  // Port Multiplier
+    uint8_t  rsv0:3;    // Reserved
+    uint8_t  c:1;       // 1=Command, 0=Control
+    uint8_t  command;   // Command register
+    uint8_t  featurel;  // Feature register (7:0)
+    uint8_t  lba0;      // LBA (7:0)
+    uint8_t  lba1;      // LBA (15:8)
+    uint8_t  lba2;      // LBA (23:16)
+    uint8_t  device;    // Device register
+    uint8_t  lba3;      // LBA (31:24)
+    uint8_t  lba4;      // LBA (39:32)
+    uint8_t  lba5;      // LBA (47:40)
+    uint8_t  featureh;  // Feature register (15:8)
+    uint8_t  countl;    // Count (7:0)
+    uint8_t  counth;    // Count (15:8)
+    uint8_t  icc;       // Isochronous Command Completion
+    uint8_t  control;   // Control register
+    uint8_t  rsv1[4];   // Reserved
+} __attribute__((packed)) FIS_REG_H2D;
+
+// Command Table (256-byte aligned)
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t  cfis[64];      // Command FIS
+    uint8_t  acmd[16];      // ATAPI Command
+    uint8_t  rsv[48];       // Reserved
+    HBA_PRDT_ENTRY prdt[];  // PRDT entries (variable, at least 1)
+} __attribute__((packed)) HBA_CMD_TBL;
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Port Signature Values
+// ============================================================================
+
+#define SATA_SIG_ATA    0x00000101  // SATA drive
+#define SATA_SIG_ATAPI  0xEB140101  // SATAPI drive
+#define SATA_SIG_SEMB   0xC33C0101  // Enclosure management bridge
+#define SATA_SIG_PM     0x96690101  // Port multiplier
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Port Command Bits
+// ============================================================================
+
+#define HBA_PORT_CMD_ST     0x0001  // Start
+#define HBA_PORT_CMD_FRE    0x0010  // FIS Receive Enable
+#define HBA_PORT_CMD_FR     0x4000  // FIS Receive Running
+#define HBA_PORT_CMD_CR     0x8000  // Command List Running
+
+// ============================================================================
+// ATA Commands
+// ============================================================================
+
+#define ATA_CMD_READ_DMA_EX  0x25
+#define ATA_CMD_WRITE_DMA_EX 0x35
+#define ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY     0xEC
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Public API
+// ============================================================================
+
+void ahci_init(void);
+int ahci_read_sectors(int port_num, uint64_t lba, uint32_t count, uint8_t *buffer);
+int ahci_write_sectors(int port_num, uint64_t lba, uint32_t count, const uint8_t *buffer);
+int ahci_get_port_count(void);
+bool ahci_port_is_active(int port_num);
+
+#endif

src/dev/disk.h

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #define SECTOR_SIZE 512
+#define MAX_DISKS 16
 
 typedef enum {
     DISK_TYPE_RAM,
@@ -17,11 +18,12 @@ typedef enum {
 } DiskType;
 
 typedef struct Disk {
-    char letter;            
+    char devname[16];           // Device name: "sda", "sdb", "sda1", etc.
     DiskType type;
     bool is_fat32;
-    char name[32];
-    uint32_t partition_lba_offset;  // LBA offset of FAT32 partition (0 for raw)
+    char label[32];             // Human-readable label
+    uint32_t partition_lba_offset;  // LBA offset of partition (0 for whole disk)
+    uint32_t total_sectors;     // Total sectors on this device/partition
 
     // Function pointers for driver operations
     int (*read_sector)(struct Disk *disk, uint32_t sector, uint8_t *buffer);
@@ -29,14 +31,32 @@ typedef struct Disk {
 
     // Private driver data
     void *driver_data;
+
+    // Parent disk (for partitions — points to the whole-disk Disk)
+    struct Disk *parent;
+    bool is_partition;
+    bool registered;
 } Disk;
 
+// Initialization and scanning
 void disk_manager_init(void);
-void disk_manager_scan(void); // Scans for new disks
-Disk* disk_get_by_letter(char letter);
-char disk_get_next_free_letter(void);
+void disk_manager_scan(void);
+
+// Device registration
 void disk_register(Disk *disk);
+void disk_register_partition(Disk *parent, uint32_t lba_offset, uint32_t sector_count,
+                             bool is_fat32, int part_num);
+
+// Lookup
+Disk* disk_get_by_name(const char *devname);
 int disk_get_count(void);
 Disk* disk_get_by_index(int index);
 
+// Auto-naming helpers
+const char* disk_get_next_dev_name(void);   // Returns "sda", "sdb", etc.
+
+// Backward compat (deprecated — wraps disk_get_by_name)
+Disk* disk_get_by_letter(char letter);
+char disk_get_next_free_letter(void);
+
 #endif

src/dev/disk_manager.c

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#include "disk.h"
+#include "pci.h"
+#include "memory_manager.h"
+#include "io.h"
+#include "wm.h"
+#include "ahci.h"
+#include "../fs/vfs.h"
+#include "../fs/fat32.h"
+#include "../sys/spinlock.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+static spinlock_t ide_lock = SPINLOCK_INIT;
+
+static Disk *disks[MAX_DISKS];
+static int disk_count = 0;
+static int next_drive_letter_idx = 0;  // For backward compat
+static int next_sd_index = 0;  // For sda, sdb, sdc...
+
+extern void serial_write(const char *str);
+extern void serial_write_num(uint64_t num);
+
+// === String Helpers ===
+
+static void dm_strcpy(char *dest, const char *src) {
+    while (*src) *dest++ = *src++;
+    *dest = 0;
+}
+
+static int dm_strcmp(const char *a, const char *b) {
+    while (*a && *a == *b) { a++; b++; }
+    return (unsigned char)*a - (unsigned char)*b;
+}
+
+static int dm_strlen(const char *s) {
+    int n = 0;
+    while (s[n]) n++;
+    return n;
+}
+
+// === ATA Definitions (Legacy IDE PIO — kept as fallback) ===
+
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_IO   0x1F0
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_CTRL 0x3F6
+#define ATA_SECONDARY_IO 0x170
+#define ATA_SECONDARY_CTRL 0x376
+
+#define ATA_REG_DATA       0x00
+#define ATA_REG_ERROR      0x01
+#define ATA_REG_FEATURES   0x01
+#define ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0 0x02
+#define ATA_REG_LBA0       0x03
+#define ATA_REG_LBA1       0x04
+#define ATA_REG_LBA2       0x05
+#define ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL   0x06
+#define ATA_REG_COMMAND    0x07
+#define ATA_REG_STATUS     0x07
+
+#define ATA_CMD_READ_PIO   0x20
+#define ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO  0x30
+#define ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY   0xEC
+
+#define ATA_SR_BSY     0x80
+#define ATA_SR_DRDY    0x40
+#define ATA_SR_DF      0x20
+#define ATA_SR_DSC     0x10
+#define ATA_SR_DRQ     0x08
+#define ATA_SR_CORR    0x04
+#define ATA_SR_IDX     0x02
+#define ATA_SR_ERR     0x01
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint16_t port_base;
+    bool slave;
+} ATADriverData;
+
+// === ATA PIO Driver ===
+
+static int ata_wait_bsy(uint16_t port_base) {
+    int timeout = 10000000;
+    while ((inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_BSY) && --timeout > 0);
+    return timeout <= 0 ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
+static int ata_wait_drq(uint16_t port_base) {
+    int timeout = 10000000;
+    while (!(inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & (ATA_SR_DRQ | ATA_SR_ERR)) && --timeout > 0);
+    if (timeout <= 0 || (inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_ERR)) return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int ata_identify(uint16_t port_base, bool slave) {
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, slave ? 0xB0 : 0xA0);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, 0);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA0, 0);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA1, 0);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA2, 0);
+
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY);
+
+    uint8_t status = inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS);
+    if (status == 0) return 0;
+
+    int timeout = 10000;
+    while ((inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_BSY) && --timeout > 0) {
+        status = inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS);
+        if (status == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    if (timeout <= 0) return 0;
+
+    if (inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_ERR) return 0;
+
+    if (ata_wait_drq(port_base) != 0) return 0;
+
+    if (inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_ERR) return 0;
+
+    uint32_t sectors = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        uint16_t data = inw(port_base + ATA_REG_DATA);
+        if (i == 60) sectors |= (uint32_t)data;
+        if (i == 61) sectors |= (uint32_t)data << 16;
+    }
+
+    return sectors;
+}
+
+static int ata_read_sector(Disk *disk, uint32_t lba, uint8_t *buffer) {
+    ATADriverData *data = (ATADriverData*)disk->driver_data;
+    uint16_t port_base = data->port_base;
+    bool slave = data->slave;
+
+    // For partition reads, add the partition LBA offset
+    if (disk->is_partition && disk->parent) {
+        lba += disk->partition_lba_offset;
+        // Use parent's driver
+        data = (ATADriverData*)disk->parent->driver_data;
+        port_base = data->port_base;
+        slave = data->slave;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&ide_lock);
+
+    if (ata_wait_bsy(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, 0xE0 | (slave << 4) | ((lba >> 24) & 0x0F));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_FEATURES, 0x00);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, 1);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA0, (uint8_t)(lba));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA1, (uint8_t)(lba >> 8));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA2, (uint8_t)(lba >> 16));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_READ_PIO);
+
+    if (ata_wait_bsy(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (ata_wait_drq(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    uint16_t *ptr = (uint16_t*)buffer;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        ptr[i] = inw(port_base + ATA_REG_DATA);
+    }
+
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int ata_write_sector(Disk *disk, uint32_t lba, const uint8_t *buffer) {
+    ATADriverData *data = (ATADriverData*)disk->driver_data;
+    uint16_t port_base = data->port_base;
+    bool slave = data->slave;
+
+    // For partition writes, add the partition LBA offset
+    if (disk->is_partition && disk->parent) {
+        lba += disk->partition_lba_offset;
+        data = (ATADriverData*)disk->parent->driver_data;
+        port_base = data->port_base;
+        slave = data->slave;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&ide_lock);
+
+    if (ata_wait_bsy(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, 0xE0 | (slave << 4) | ((lba >> 24) & 0x0F));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_FEATURES, 0x00);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, 1);
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA0, (uint8_t)(lba));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA1, (uint8_t)(lba >> 8));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA2, (uint8_t)(lba >> 16));
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO);
+
+    if (ata_wait_bsy(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (ata_wait_drq(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    const uint16_t *ptr = (const uint16_t*)buffer;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        outw(port_base + ATA_REG_DATA, ptr[i]);
+    }
+
+    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, 0xE7); // Cache Flush
+    if (ata_wait_bsy(port_base) != 0) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&ide_lock, flags);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// === Device Naming ===
+
+const char* disk_get_next_dev_name(void) {
+    static char name[8];
+    name[0] = 's';
+    name[1] = 'd';
+    name[2] = 'a' + next_sd_index;
+    name[3] = 0;
+    next_sd_index++;
+    return name;
+}
+
+// === Registration ===
+
+void disk_register(Disk *disk) {
+    if (disk_count >= MAX_DISKS) return;
+
+    // Auto-assign devname if empty
+    if (disk->devname[0] == 0) {
+        const char *n = disk_get_next_dev_name();
+        dm_strcpy(disk->devname, n);
+    }
+
+    disk->registered = true;
+    disks[disk_count++] = disk;
+
+    serial_write("[DISK] Registered /dev/");
+    serial_write(disk->devname);
+    serial_write(" (");
+    serial_write(disk->label);
+    serial_write(")\n");
+}
+
+void disk_register_partition(Disk *parent, uint32_t lba_offset, uint32_t sector_count,
+                             bool is_fat32, int part_num) {
+    if (disk_count >= MAX_DISKS) return;
+
+    Disk *part = (Disk*)kmalloc(sizeof(Disk));
+    if (!part) return;
+
+    // Build name: parent_devname + partition number (e.g. "sda1")
+    int len = dm_strlen(parent->devname);
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) part->devname[i] = parent->devname[i];
+    part->devname[len] = '0' + part_num;
+    part->devname[len + 1] = 0;
+
+    part->type = parent->type;
+    part->is_fat32 = is_fat32;
+    dm_strcpy(part->label, is_fat32 ? "FAT32 Partition" : "Unknown Partition");
+    part->partition_lba_offset = lba_offset;
+    part->total_sectors = sector_count;
+    part->read_sector = parent->read_sector;
+    part->write_sector = parent->write_sector;
+    part->driver_data = parent->driver_data;
+    part->parent = parent;
+    part->is_partition = true;
+    part->registered = true;
+
+    disks[disk_count++] = part;
+
+    serial_write("[DISK] Registered /dev/");
+    serial_write(part->devname);
+    serial_write(" (LBA offset ");
+    serial_write_num(lba_offset);
+    serial_write(", ");
+    serial_write_num(sector_count);
+    serial_write(" sectors, FAT32=");
+    serial_write(" sectors, FAT32=");
+    serial_write(is_fat32 ? "yes" : "no");
+    serial_write(")\n");
+
+    if (is_fat32) {
+        // Try to initialize and mount FAT32 volume to VFS
+        void *vol = fat32_mount_volume(part);
+        if (vol) {
+            char mount_path[32];
+            mount_path[0] = '/';
+            mount_path[1] = 'd'; mount_path[2] = 'e'; mount_path[3] = 'v'; mount_path[4] = '/';
+            dm_strcpy(mount_path + 5, part->devname);
+            
+            if (vfs_mount(mount_path, part->devname, "fat32", fat32_get_realfs_ops(), vol)) {
+                serial_write("[VFS] Mounted ");
+                serial_write(mount_path);
+                serial_write(" to VFS\n");
+                wm_notify_fs_change();
+            } else {
+                serial_write("[VFS] Failed to mount ");
+                serial_write(mount_path);
+                serial_write("\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// === Lookup ===
+
+Disk* disk_get_by_name(const char *devname) {
+    if (!devname) return NULL;
+    for (int i = 0; i < disk_count; i++) {
+        if (dm_strcmp(disks[i]->devname, devname) == 0) {
+            return disks[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+int disk_get_count(void) {
+    return disk_count;
+}
+
+Disk* disk_get_by_index(int index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= disk_count) return NULL;
+    return disks[index];
+}
+
+// === Backward Compat (deprecated) ===
+
+char disk_get_next_free_letter(void) {
+    char letter = 'B' + next_drive_letter_idx++;
+    if (letter > 'Z') return 0;
+    return letter;
+}
+
+Disk* disk_get_by_letter(char letter) {
+    // Maps old letter scheme: A=ramfs (not a block device), B+=first real disk, etc.
+    if (letter >= 'a' && letter <= 'z') letter -= 32;
+
+    // A: was the ramdisk — return NULL since ramfs is now VFS-managed
+    if (letter == 'A') return NULL;
+
+    // B-Z map to disk indices 0, 1, 2...
+    // Find real disks (non-RAM, non-partition-parent)
+    int real_idx = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < disk_count; i++) {
+        if (disks[i]->is_partition && disks[i]->is_fat32) {
+            if (real_idx == (letter - 'B')) {
+                return disks[i];
+            }
+            real_idx++;
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// === MBR Partition Table ===
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t  status;
+    uint8_t  chs_first[3];
+    uint8_t  type;
+    uint8_t  chs_last[3];
+    uint32_t lba_start;
+    uint32_t sector_count;
+} __attribute__((packed)) MBR_PartitionEntry;
+
+#define PART_TYPE_FAT32     0x0B
+#define PART_TYPE_FAT32_LBA 0x0C
+
+static bool is_fat32_bpb(const uint8_t *sector) {
+    if (sector[510] != 0x55 || sector[511] != 0xAA) return false;
+
+    if (sector[82] == 'F' && sector[83] == 'A' && sector[84] == 'T' &&
+        sector[85] == '3' && sector[86] == '2') {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    uint16_t bps = *(uint16_t*)&sector[11];
+    uint16_t spf16 = *(uint16_t*)&sector[22];
+    uint32_t spf32 = *(uint32_t*)&sector[36];
+    if (bps == 512 && spf16 == 0 && spf32 > 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Parse MBR and register each partition as a child block device
+static void parse_mbr_partitions(Disk *disk) {
+    uint8_t *buffer = (uint8_t*)kmalloc(512);
+    if (!buffer) return;
+
+    if (disk->read_sector(disk, 0, buffer) != 0) {
+        kfree(buffer);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Check for valid MBR signature
+    if (buffer[510] != 0x55 || buffer[511] != 0xAA) {
+        kfree(buffer);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    MBR_PartitionEntry *partitions = (MBR_PartitionEntry*)&buffer[446];
+    int part_num = 1;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        uint32_t start = partitions[i].lba_start;
+        uint32_t size = partitions[i].sector_count;
+        uint8_t type = partitions[i].type;
+
+        if (type == 0x00) continue; // Empty entry
+        if (size == 0) continue;
+        if (start >= disk->total_sectors) continue; // Invalid start
+        
+        bool fat32 = false;
+        if (type == PART_TYPE_FAT32 || type == PART_TYPE_FAT32_LBA) {
+            // Verify by reading the BPB
+            uint8_t *pbuf = (uint8_t*)kmalloc(512);
+            if (pbuf) {
+                if (disk->read_sector(disk, start, pbuf) == 0) {
+                    fat32 = is_fat32_bpb(pbuf);
+                }
+                kfree(pbuf);
+            }
+        }
+
+        disk_register_partition(disk, partitions[i].lba_start,
+                                partitions[i].sector_count, fat32, part_num);
+        part_num++;
+    }
+
+    // Fallback: if no partitions found, check if entire disk is a raw FAT32 volume
+    if (part_num == 1 && is_fat32_bpb(buffer)) {
+        serial_write("[DISK] No MBR partitions — raw FAT32 volume on /dev/");
+        serial_write(disk->devname);
+        serial_write("\n");
+        disk->is_fat32 = true;
+        disk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    kfree(buffer);
+}
+
+// === ATA Drive Discovery ===
+
+static void try_add_ata_drive(uint16_t port, bool slave, const char *name) {
+    uint32_t sectors = ata_identify(port, slave);
+    if (sectors > 0) {
+        Disk *new_disk = (Disk*)kmalloc(sizeof(Disk));
+        if (!new_disk) return;
+
+        ATADriverData *data = (ATADriverData*)kmalloc(sizeof(ATADriverData));
+        data->port_base = port;
+        data->slave = slave;
+
+        new_disk->devname[0] = 0; // Auto-assign
+        new_disk->type = DISK_TYPE_IDE;
+        dm_strcpy(new_disk->label, name);
+        new_disk->read_sector = ata_read_sector;
+        new_disk->write_sector = ata_write_sector;
+        new_disk->driver_data = data;
+        new_disk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
+        new_disk->total_sectors = sectors;
+        new_disk->parent = NULL;
+        new_disk->is_partition = false;
+        new_disk->is_fat32 = false;
+
+        disk_register(new_disk);
+
+        // Parse MBR to find partitions
+        parse_mbr_partitions(new_disk);
+    }
+}
+
+// === Init & Scan ===
+
+void disk_manager_init(void) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DISKS; i++) {
+        disks[i] = NULL;
+    }
+    disk_count = 0;
+    next_sd_index = 0;
+    next_drive_letter_idx = 0;
+
+    serial_write("[DISK] Disk manager initialized (VFS mode)\n");
+    // NOTE: Ramdisk (A:) is no longer registered here.
+    // RAMFS is managed directly by fat32.c and mounted at "/" via VFS.
+}
+
+void disk_manager_scan(void) {
+    serial_write("[DISK] Initializing AHCI (SATA DMA)...\n");
+    ahci_init();
+    
+    if (ahci_get_port_count() == 0) {
+        serial_write("[DISK] No AHCI ports found, falling back to legacy IDE PIO...\n");
+        try_add_ata_drive(ATA_PRIMARY_IO, false, "IDE Primary Master");
+        try_add_ata_drive(ATA_PRIMARY_IO, true, "IDE Primary Slave");
+        try_add_ata_drive(ATA_SECONDARY_IO, false, "IDE Secondary Master");
+        try_add_ata_drive(ATA_SECONDARY_IO, true, "IDE Secondary Slave");
+    } else {
+        serial_write("[DISK] AHCI initialized successfully, skipping legacy IDE.\n");
+    }
+}

src/dev/pci.c

@@ -97,3 +97,23 @@ int pci_find_device_by_class(uint8_t class_code, uint8_t subclass, pci_device_t*
     }
     return 0;
 }
+
+uint32_t pci_get_bar(pci_device_t *dev, int bar_num) {
+    if (!dev || bar_num < 0 || bar_num > 5) return 0;
+    uint8_t offset = 0x10 + (bar_num * 4);
+    return pci_read_config(dev->bus, dev->device, dev->function, offset);
+}
+
+void pci_enable_bus_mastering(pci_device_t *dev) {
+    if (!dev) return;
+    uint32_t cmd = pci_read_config(dev->bus, dev->device, dev->function, 0x04);
+    cmd |= (1 << 2); // Set Bus Master bit
+    pci_write_config(dev->bus, dev->device, dev->function, 0x04, cmd);
+}
+
+void pci_enable_mmio(pci_device_t *dev) {
+    if (!dev) return;
+    uint32_t cmd = pci_read_config(dev->bus, dev->device, dev->function, 0x04);
+    cmd |= (1 << 1); // Set Memory Space bit
+    pci_write_config(dev->bus, dev->device, dev->function, 0x04, cmd);
+}

src/dev/pci.h

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ typedef struct {
 
 #define PCI_CLASS_NETWORK_CONTROLLER  0x02
 #define PCI_CLASS_ETHERNET_CONTROLLER 0x00
+#define PCI_CLASS_MASS_STORAGE        0x01
+#define PCI_SUBCLASS_SATA             0x06
+#define PCI_SUBCLASS_IDE              0x01
 
 uint32_t pci_read_config(uint8_t bus, uint8_t device, uint8_t function, uint8_t offset);
 void pci_write_config(uint8_t bus, uint8_t device, uint8_t function, uint8_t offset, uint32_t value);
@@ -35,4 +38,9 @@ int pci_enumerate_devices(pci_device_t* devices, int max_devices);
 int pci_find_device(uint16_t vendor_id, uint16_t device_id, pci_device_t* device);
 int pci_find_device_by_class(uint8_t class_code, uint8_t subclass, pci_device_t* device);
 
+// BAR access and bus mastering helpers
+uint32_t pci_get_bar(pci_device_t *dev, int bar_num);
+void pci_enable_bus_mastering(pci_device_t *dev);
+void pci_enable_mmio(pci_device_t *dev);
+
 #endif

src/dev/ps2.c

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 #include "io.h"
 #include "wm.h"
 #include "network.h"
+#include "lapic.h"
+#include "smp.h"
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 extern void serial_print(const char *s);
@@ -14,20 +16,49 @@ extern void serial_print_hex(uint64_t n);
 volatile uint64_t kernel_ticks = 0;
 
 uint64_t timer_handler(registers_t *regs) {
-    kernel_ticks++;
-    wm_timer_tick();
-    network_process_frames();
+    if (smp_this_cpu_id() == 0) {
+        kernel_ticks++;
+        wm_timer_tick();
+        network_process_frames();
         
-    outb(0x20, 0x20); // EOI after processing to prevent nested timer interrupts
+        extern void k_beep_process(void);
+        k_beep_process();
+    }
+    
+    outb(0x20, 0x20); 
     extern uint64_t process_schedule(uint64_t current_rsp);
-    return process_schedule((uint64_t)regs);
+    uint64_t new_rsp = process_schedule((uint64_t)regs);
+    
+    if (smp_cpu_count() > 1) {
+        lapic_send_ipi_all();
+    }
+    
+    return new_rsp;
 }
 
 // --- Keyboard ---
 static bool shift_pressed = false;
+static bool caps_lock_on = false;
 bool ps2_ctrl_pressed = false;
 static bool extended_scancode = false;
 
+static void ps2_kbd_wait_write(void) {
+    uint32_t timeout = 100000;
+    while (timeout--) {
+        if ((inb(0x64) & 2) == 0) return;
+    }
+}
+
+static void ps2_update_leds(void) {
+    uint8_t led_status = 0;
+    if (caps_lock_on) led_status |= 4;
+    
+    ps2_kbd_wait_write();
+    outb(0x60, 0xED);
+    ps2_kbd_wait_write();
+    outb(0x60, led_status);
+}
+
 static char scancode_map[128] = {
     0,  27, '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '0', '-', '=', '\b',
     '\t', 'q', 'w', 'e', 'r', 't', 'y', 'u', 'i', 'o', 'p', '[', ']', '\n',
@@ -55,7 +86,7 @@ uint64_t keyboard_handler(registers_t *regs) {
 
     if (scancode == 0x1D) {
         ps2_ctrl_pressed = true;
-        extended_scancode = false; // Reset if Ctrl is pressed (prevents E0 1D bug)
+        extended_scancode = false; 
     } else if (scancode == 0x9D) {
         ps2_ctrl_pressed = false;
         extended_scancode = false;
@@ -65,10 +96,9 @@ uint64_t keyboard_handler(registers_t *regs) {
         extern process_t* process_get_current(void);
         process_t* proc = process_get_current();
         if (proc && proc->is_user && proc->is_terminal_proc && proc->ui_window) {
-            // Only kill if the associated terminal window is focused
             if (((Window*)proc->ui_window)->focused) {
                 extern uint64_t process_terminate_current(void);
-                outb(0x20, 0x20); // EOI before context switch
+                outb(0x20, 0x20); 
                 return process_terminate_current();
             }
         }
@@ -78,7 +108,10 @@ uint64_t keyboard_handler(registers_t *regs) {
         shift_pressed = true;
     } else if (scancode == 0xAA || scancode == 0xB6) { // Shift Up
         shift_pressed = false;
-    } else if (!(scancode & 0x80)) { // Key Press (not release)
+    } else if (scancode == 0x3A) { // Caps Lock Down
+        caps_lock_on = !caps_lock_on;
+        ps2_update_leds();
+    } else if (!(scancode & 0x80)) { // Key Press
         if (extended_scancode) {
             extended_scancode = false;
             switch (scancode) {
@@ -90,6 +123,10 @@ uint64_t keyboard_handler(registers_t *regs) {
         } else {
             char c = shift_pressed ? scancode_map_shift[scancode] : scancode_map[scancode];
             if (c) {
+                if (caps_lock_on) {
+                    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') c -= 32;
+                    else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c += 32;
+                }
                 wm_handle_key(c, true);
             }
         }
@@ -103,8 +140,13 @@ uint64_t keyboard_handler(registers_t *regs) {
                 case 0x4D: wm_handle_key(20, false); break; // Right arrow
             }
         } else {
-            char c = shift_pressed ? scancode_map_shift[scancode & 0x7F] : scancode_map[scancode & 0x7F];
+            uint8_t base_scancode = scancode & 0x7F;
+            char c = shift_pressed ? scancode_map_shift[base_scancode] : scancode_map[base_scancode];
             if (c) {
+                if (caps_lock_on) {
+                    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') c -= 32;
+                    else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c += 32;
+                }
                 wm_handle_key(c, false);
             }
         }
@@ -165,7 +207,7 @@ void mouse_init(void) {
     mouse_write(0xF6);
     mouse_read();
 
-    // Enable Wheel - Magic Sequence
+    // Enable Wheel
     mouse_write(0xF3); mouse_read(); mouse_write(200); mouse_read();
     mouse_write(0xF3); mouse_read(); mouse_write(100); mouse_read();
     mouse_write(0xF3); mouse_read(); mouse_write(80); mouse_read();

src/fs/fat32.h

@@ -61,6 +61,18 @@ typedef struct {
     uint32_t file_size;             // File size
 } __attribute__((packed)) FAT32_DirEntry;
 
+// Long File Name Directory Entry (32 bytes)
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t order;                  // Sequence number (0x40 = last, | index)
+    uint16_t name1[5];              // Characters 1-5 (UCS-2)
+    uint8_t attr;                   // Always 0x0F
+    uint8_t type;                   // Always 0x00
+    uint8_t checksum;               // Checksum of short name
+    uint16_t name2[6];              // Characters 6-11 (UCS-2)
+    uint16_t first_cluster;         // Always 0x0000
+    uint16_t name3[2];              // Characters 12-13 (UCS-2)
+} __attribute__((packed)) FAT32_LFNEntry;
+
 // File Attributes
 #define ATTR_READ_ONLY   0x01
 #define ATTR_HIDDEN      0x02
@@ -70,6 +82,7 @@ typedef struct {
 #define ATTR_ARCHIVE     0x20
 #define ATTR_DEVICE      0x40
 #define ATTR_RESERVED    0x80
+#define ATTR_LFN         0x0F  // LFN marker (all of the above ORed)
 
 // FAT32 Constants
 #define FAT32_SECTOR_SIZE 512
@@ -88,7 +101,9 @@ typedef struct {
     bool valid;                     // Is this handle valid?
     uint32_t dir_sector;            // Sector containing the directory entry
     uint32_t dir_offset;            // Offset within that sector
-    char drive;                     // Drive letter (A, B, ...)
+    bool is_directory;              // Is this a directory?
+    uint8_t attributes;             // File attributes
+    void *volume;                   // Pointer to owning FAT32_Volume (or NULL for ramfs)
 } FAT32_FileHandle;
 
 // Directory Entry Info (for listing)
@@ -101,12 +116,23 @@ typedef struct {
     uint16_t write_time;
 } FAT32_FileInfo;
 
+// === VFS Integration ===
+// Forward-declared VFS ops type (defined in vfs.h)
+struct vfs_fs_ops;
+
+// Get VFS ops structs for registration
+struct vfs_fs_ops* fat32_get_ramfs_ops(void);
+struct vfs_fs_ops* fat32_get_realfs_ops(void);
+
+// Mount a real FAT32 volume from a block device — returns fs_private for VFS
+void* fat32_mount_volume(void *disk_ptr);
+
 // === Function Declarations ===
 
 // Initialization
 void fat32_init(void);
 
-// File Operations
+// File Operations (backward-compat wrappers — dispatch through VFS)
 FAT32_FileHandle* fat32_open(const char *path, const char *mode);
 void fat32_close(FAT32_FileHandle *handle);
 int fat32_read(FAT32_FileHandle *handle, void *buffer, int size);
@@ -124,7 +150,10 @@ bool fat32_is_directory(const char *path);
 // Listing
 int fat32_list_directory(const char *path, FAT32_FileInfo *entries, int max_entries);
 
-// Working Directory
+// Info
+int fat32_get_info(const char *path, FAT32_FileInfo *info);
+
+// Working Directory (backward compat — wraps VFS path tracking)
 bool fat32_chdir(const char *path);
 void fat32_get_current_dir(char *buffer, int size);
 bool fat32_change_drive(char drive);

src/fs/procfs.c

@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "../sys/process.h"
+#include "../sys/syscall.h"
+#include "../dev/disk.h"
+#include "memory_manager.h"
+#include "core/kutils.h"
+#include "core/platform.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t pid;
+    char type[32]; 
+    int offset;
+    bool is_root;
+} procfs_handle_t;
+
+void* procfs_open(void *fs_private, const char *path, const char *mode) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    
+    procfs_handle_t *h = (procfs_handle_t*)kmalloc(sizeof(procfs_handle_t));
+    k_memset(h, 0, sizeof(procfs_handle_t));
+    h->offset = 0;
+
+    if (path[0] == '\0') {
+        h->is_root = true;
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    if (path[0] >= '0' && path[0] <= '9') {
+        char pid_str[16];
+        int i = 0;
+        while (path[i] && path[i] != '/' && i < 15) {
+            pid_str[i] = path[i];
+            i++;
+        }
+        pid_str[i] = 0;
+        h->pid = k_atoi(pid_str);
+
+        if (path[i] == '/') {
+            k_strcpy(h->type, path + i + 1);
+        } else {
+            h->type[0] = 0; 
+        }
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    h->pid = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    k_strcpy(h->type, path);
+    return h;
+}
+
+void procfs_close(void *fs_private, void *handle) {
+    if (handle) kfree(handle);
+}
+
+int procfs_read(void *fs_private, void *handle, void *buf, int size) {
+    procfs_handle_t *h = (procfs_handle_t*)handle;
+    if (!h) return -1;
+
+    char *out = (char*)kmalloc(16384);
+    if (!out) return -1;
+    out[0] = 0;
+
+    if (h->pid == 0xFFFFFFFF) {
+        if (k_strcmp(h->type, "version") == 0) {
+            extern void get_os_info(os_info_t *info);
+            os_info_t info;
+            get_os_info(&info);
+            k_strcpy(out, info.os_name);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " [");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), info.os_codename);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "] Version ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), info.os_version);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\nKernel: ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), info.kernel_name);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), info.kernel_version);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\nBuild: ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), info.build_date);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), info.build_time);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+        } else if (k_strcmp(h->type, "uptime") == 0) {
+            extern uint32_t wm_get_ticks(void);
+            uint32_t ticks = wm_get_ticks();
+            k_itoa(ticks / 60, out);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " seconds\nRaw_Ticks:");
+            char t_s[16]; k_itoa(ticks, t_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), t_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+        } else if (k_strcmp(h->type, "cpuinfo") == 0) {
+            extern uint32_t smp_cpu_count(void);
+            extern void platform_get_cpu_model(char *model);
+            extern void platform_get_cpu_vendor(char *vendor);
+            extern void platform_get_cpu_info(cpu_info_t *info);
+            extern void platform_get_cpu_flags(char *flags_str);
+            
+            char model[64];
+            char vendor[16];
+            char flags[1024];
+            cpu_info_t info;
+            
+            platform_get_cpu_model(model);
+            platform_get_cpu_vendor(vendor);
+            platform_get_cpu_info(&info);
+            platform_get_cpu_flags(flags);
+            
+            uint32_t cpu_count = smp_cpu_count();
+            out[0] = '\0';
+            
+            // Output info for each processor
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cpu_count; i++) {
+                char buf[32];
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "processor\t: ");
+                k_itoa(i, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "vendor_id\t: ");
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), vendor);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "cpu family\t: ");
+                k_itoa(info.family, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "model\t\t: ");
+                k_itoa(info.model, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "model name\t: ");
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), model);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "stepping\t: ");
+                k_itoa(info.stepping, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "microcode\t: 0x");
+                char hex[16];
+                int temp = info.microcode;
+                int hex_pos = 0;
+                for (int j = 7; j >= 0; j--) {
+                    int digit = (temp >> (j * 4)) & 0xF;
+                    hex[hex_pos++] = digit < 10 ? '0' + digit : 'a' + (digit - 10);
+                }
+                hex[hex_pos] = '\0';
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), hex);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "cache size\t: ");
+                k_itoa(info.cache_size, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " KB\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "physical id\t: 0\n");
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "siblings\t: ");
+                k_itoa(cpu_count, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "core id\t\t: ");
+                k_itoa(i, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "cpu cores\t: ");
+                k_itoa(cpu_count, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "apicid\t\t: ");
+                k_itoa(i, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "initial apicid\t: ");
+                k_itoa(i, buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), buf);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "fpu\t\t: yes\n");
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "fpu_exception\t: yes\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "cpuid level\t: 13\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "wp\t\t: yes\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "flags\t\t: ");
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), flags);
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "bugs\t\t: \n");
+                k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "bogomips\t: 4800.00\n");
+                
+                if (i < cpu_count - 1) {
+                    k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (k_strcmp(h->type, "meminfo") == 0) {
+            extern MemStats memory_get_stats(void);
+            MemStats stats = memory_get_stats();
+            char m_s[32];
+            
+            k_strcpy(out, "MemTotal:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.total_memory / 1024, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "MemFree:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.available_memory / 1024, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "MemAvailable:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.available_memory / 1024, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Buffers:\t0 kB\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Cached:\t\t0 kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "MemUsed:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.used_memory / 1024, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "MemPeak:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.peak_memory_used / 1024, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "SwapTotal:\t0 kB\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "SwapFree:\t0 kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Dirty:\t\t0 kB\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Writeback:\t0 kB\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "AnonPages:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.used_memory / 1024, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Mapped:\t\t0 kB\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Shmem:\t\t0 kB\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Blocks:\t\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.allocated_blocks, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "FreeBlocks:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.free_blocks, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Fragmentation:\t");
+            k_itoa(stats.fragmentation_percent, m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), m_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "%\n");
+        } else if (k_strcmp(h->type, "devices") == 0) {
+            extern int disk_get_count(void);
+            extern Disk* disk_get_by_index(int index);
+            int dcount = disk_get_count();
+            out[0] = '\0';
+            
+            k_strcpy(out, "Character devices:\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "  1 mem\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "  4 tty\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "  5 cua\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "  7 vcs\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "  8 stdin\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " 13 input\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " 14 sound\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " 29 fb\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "189 usb\n\n");
+            
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "Block devices:\n");
+            for (int i = 0; i < dcount; i++) {
+                Disk *d = disk_get_by_index(i);
+                if (d && !d->is_partition) {
+                    k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "  8 ");
+                    k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), d->devname);
+                    k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+                }
+            }
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " 11 sr\n");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "253 virtblk\n");
+        }
+    }
+ else {
+        process_t *proc = process_get_by_pid(h->pid);
+        if (!proc) { kfree(out); return -1; }
+
+        if (k_strcmp(h->type, "name") == 0 || k_strcmp(h->type, "cmdline") == 0) {
+            k_strcpy(out, proc->name);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+        } else if (k_strcmp(h->type, "status") == 0) {
+            k_strcpy(out, "Name: ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), proc->name);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\nPID: ");
+            char pid_s[16]; k_itoa(proc->pid, pid_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), pid_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\nState: RUNNING\nMemory: ");
+            uint64_t mem_val = proc->used_memory;
+            if (h->pid == 0) {
+                extern MemStats memory_get_stats(void);
+                mem_val = memory_get_stats().used_memory;
+            }
+            char mem_s[32]; k_itoa(mem_val / 1024, mem_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), mem_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), " KB\nTicks: ");
+            char tick_s[32]; k_itoa(proc->ticks, tick_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), tick_s);
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\nIdle: ");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), proc->is_idle ? "1" : "0");
+            k_strcpy(out + k_strlen(out), "\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    int len = k_strlen(out);
+    if (h->offset >= len) { kfree(out); return 0; }
+
+    int to_copy = len - h->offset;
+    if (to_copy > size) to_copy = size;
+
+    k_memcpy(buf, out + h->offset, to_copy);
+    h->offset += to_copy;
+    kfree(out);
+    return to_copy;
+}
+
+int procfs_write(void *fs_private, void *handle, const void *buf, int size) {
+    procfs_handle_t *h = (procfs_handle_t*)handle;
+    if (!h || h->pid == 0xFFFFFFFF) return -1;
+
+    if (k_strcmp(h->type, "signal") == 0) {
+        char cmd[16];
+        int to_copy = size < 15 ? size : 15;
+        k_memcpy(cmd, buf, to_copy);
+        cmd[to_copy] = 0;
+
+        if (k_strcmp(cmd, "9") == 0 || k_strcmp(cmd, "kill") == 0) {
+            process_t *proc = process_get_by_pid(h->pid);
+            if (proc && proc->pid != 0) {
+                process_terminate(proc);
+                return size;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return -1;
+}
+
+int procfs_readdir(void *fs_private, const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+
+    if (path[0] == '\0') {
+        int out = 0;
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "version");
+        entries[out-1].is_directory = 0;
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "uptime");
+        entries[out-1].is_directory = 0;
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "cpuinfo");
+        entries[out-1].is_directory = 0;
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "meminfo");
+        entries[out-1].is_directory = 0;
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "devices");
+        entries[out-1].is_directory = 0;
+
+        extern process_t processes[];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 16 && out < max; i++) {
+            if (processes[i].pid != 0xFFFFFFFF) {
+                k_itoa(processes[i].pid, entries[out].name);
+                entries[out].is_directory = 1;
+                entries[out].size = 0;
+                out++;
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    if (path[0] >= '0' && path[0] <= '9') {
+        int out = 0;
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "name");
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "status");
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "cmdline");
+        k_strcpy(entries[out++].name, "signal");
+        for(int i=0; i<out; i++) entries[i].is_directory = 0;
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool procfs_exists(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    if (path[0] == '\0') return true;
+
+    if (path[0] >= '0' && path[0] <= '9') {
+        char pid_str[16];
+        int i = 0;
+        while (path[i] && path[i] != '/' && i < 15) {
+            pid_str[i] = path[i];
+            i++;
+        }
+        pid_str[i] = 0;
+        uint32_t pid = k_atoi(pid_str);
+        if (process_get_by_pid(pid)) return true;
+    }
+
+    if (k_strcmp(path, "version") == 0 || k_strcmp(path, "uptime") == 0) return true;
+    if (k_strcmp(path, "cpuinfo") == 0 || k_strcmp(path, "meminfo") == 0) return true;
+    if (k_strcmp(path, "devices") == 0) return true;
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool procfs_is_dir(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    if (path[0] == '\0') return true;
+
+    if (path[0] >= '0' && path[0] <= '9') {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (path[i] && path[i] != '/') i++;
+        if (path[i] == '\0') return true; 
+        return false; 
+    }
+
+    return false; 
+}
+
+vfs_fs_ops_t procfs_ops = {
+    .open = procfs_open,
+    .close = procfs_close,
+    .read = procfs_read,
+    .write = procfs_write,
+    .readdir = procfs_readdir,
+    .exists = procfs_exists,
+    .is_dir = procfs_is_dir 
+};
+
+vfs_fs_ops_t* procfs_get_ops(void) {
+    return &procfs_ops;
+}

src/fs/procfs.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef PROCFS_H
+#define PROCFS_H
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+
+vfs_fs_ops_t* procfs_get_ops(void);
+
+#endif

src/fs/sysfs.c

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "../sys/kernel_subsystem.h"
+#include "memory_manager.h"
+#include "core/kutils.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    kernel_subsystem_t *sub;
+    subsystem_file_t *file;
+    int offset;
+} sysfs_handle_t;
+
+static void* sysfs_open(void *fs_private, const char *path, const char *mode) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    if (path[0] == '\0') return NULL;
+
+    kernel_subsystem_t *sub = NULL;
+    int last_slash = -1;
+    for (int j = 0; path[j]; j++) if (path[j] == '/') last_slash = j;
+
+    if (last_slash != -1) {
+        char prefix[64];
+        k_memcpy(prefix, path, last_slash);
+        prefix[last_slash] = 0;
+        sub = subsystem_get_by_name(prefix);
+        
+        if (sub) {
+            const char *filename = path + last_slash + 1;
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub->file_count; j++) {
+                if (k_strcmp(sub->files[j].name, filename) == 0) {
+                    sysfs_handle_t *h = (sysfs_handle_t*)kmalloc(sizeof(sysfs_handle_t));
+                    h->sub = sub;
+                    h->file = &sub->files[j];
+                    h->offset = 0;
+                    return h;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void sysfs_close(void *fs_private, void *handle) {
+    if (handle) kfree(handle);
+}
+
+static int sysfs_read(void *fs_private, void *handle, void *buf, int size) {
+    sysfs_handle_t *h = (sysfs_handle_t*)handle;
+    if (!h || !h->file || !h->file->read) return -1;
+
+    int bytes = h->file->read((char*)buf, size, h->offset);
+    if (bytes > 0) h->offset += bytes;
+    return bytes;
+}
+
+static int sysfs_write(void *fs_private, void *handle, const void *buf, int size) {
+    sysfs_handle_t *h = (sysfs_handle_t*)handle;
+    if (!h || !h->file || !h->file->write) return -1;
+
+    int bytes = h->file->write((const char*)buf, size, h->offset);
+    if (bytes > 0) h->offset += bytes;
+    return bytes;
+}
+
+static int sysfs_readdir(void *fs_private, const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    
+    kernel_subsystem_t *exact_sub = subsystem_get_by_name(path);
+    int out = 0;
+
+    if (exact_sub) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < exact_sub->file_count && out < max; i++) {
+            k_strcpy(entries[out].name, exact_sub->files[i].name);
+            entries[out].is_directory = 0;
+            entries[out].size = 0;
+            out++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int count = subsystem_get_count();
+    int path_len = k_strlen(path);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < count && out < max; i++) {
+        kernel_subsystem_t *s = subsystem_get_by_index(i);
+        if (path_len == 0 || (k_strlen(s->name) > path_len && k_strncmp(s->name, path, path_len) == 0 && s->name[path_len] == '/')) {
+            const char *sub_path = s->name + (path_len ? path_len + 1 : 0);
+            char comp[64];
+            int j = 0;
+            while (sub_path[j] && sub_path[j] != '/' && j < 63) {
+                comp[j] = sub_path[j];
+                j++;
+            }
+            comp[j] = 0;
+
+            if (comp[0] == '\0') continue;
+
+            bool found = false;
+            for (int k = 0; k < out; k++) {
+                if (k_strcmp(entries[k].name, comp) == 0) {
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!found) {
+                k_strcpy(entries[out].name, comp);
+                entries[out].is_directory = 1;
+                entries[out].size = 0;
+                out++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+static bool sysfs_exists(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    if (path[0] == '\0') return true;
+
+    if (subsystem_get_by_name(path)) return true;
+
+    // File check
+    int last_slash = -1;
+    for (int j = 0; path[j]; j++) if (path[j] == '/') last_slash = j;
+    if (last_slash != -1) {
+        char prefix[64];
+        k_memcpy(prefix, path, last_slash);
+        prefix[last_slash] = 0;
+        kernel_subsystem_t *sub = subsystem_get_by_name(prefix);
+        if (sub) {
+            const char *filename = path + last_slash + 1;
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub->file_count; j++) {
+                if (k_strcmp(sub->files[j].name, filename) == 0) return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    int count = subsystem_get_count();
+    int path_len = k_strlen(path);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        kernel_subsystem_t *s = subsystem_get_by_index(i);
+        if (k_strlen(s->name) > path_len && k_strncmp(s->name, path, path_len) == 0 && s->name[path_len] == '/') return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool sysfs_is_dir(void *fs_private, const char *path) {
+    if (path[0] == '/') path++;
+    if (path[0] == '\0') return true;
+
+    int last_slash = -1;
+    for (int j = 0; path[j]; j++) if (path[j] == '/') last_slash = j;
+    if (last_slash != -1) {
+        char prefix[64];
+        k_memcpy(prefix, path, last_slash);
+        prefix[last_slash] = 0;
+        kernel_subsystem_t *sub = subsystem_get_by_name(prefix);
+        if (sub) {
+            const char *filename = path + last_slash + 1;
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub->file_count; j++) {
+                if (k_strcmp(sub->files[j].name, filename) == 0) return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return sysfs_exists(fs_private, path);
+}
+
+vfs_fs_ops_t sysfs_ops = {
+    .open = sysfs_open,
+    .close = sysfs_close,
+    .read = sysfs_read,
+    .write = sysfs_write,
+    .readdir = sysfs_readdir,
+    .exists = sysfs_exists,
+    .is_dir = sysfs_is_dir
+};
+
+vfs_fs_ops_t* sysfs_get_ops(void) {
+    return &sysfs_ops;
+}

src/fs/sysfs.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef SYSFS_H
+#define SYSFS_H
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+
+vfs_fs_ops_t* sysfs_get_ops(void);
+
+#endif

src/fs/tar.c

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#include "tar.h"
+#include "fat32.h"
+
+// The standard TAR header block is 512 bytes.
+struct tar_header {
+    char filename[100];
+    char mode[8];
+    char uid[8];
+    char gid[8];
+    char size[12];
+    char mtime[12];
+    char chksum[8];
+    char typeflag;
+    char linkname[100];
+    char magic[6];
+    char version[2];
+    char uname[32];
+    char gname[32];
+    char devmajor[8];
+    char devminor[8];
+    char prefix[155];
+    char pad[12];
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+// Helper: parse tar octal field representation
+static uint64_t tar_parse_octal(const char *str, int size) {
+    uint64_t result = 0;
+    while (size-- > 0) {
+        if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '7') {
+            result = (result << 3) + (*str - '0');
+        }
+        str++;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Helper: Make directories sequentially for nested paths
+static void tar_mkdir_recursive(const char *path) {
+    char temp[256];
+    int i = 0;
+    if (path[0] == '/') {
+        temp[0] = '/';
+        i = 1;
+    }
+    while (path[i] && i < 255) {
+        temp[i] = path[i];
+        if (path[i] == '/') {
+            temp[i] = '\0';
+            fat32_mkdir(temp);
+            temp[i] = '/';
+        }
+        i++;
+    }
+    if (i > 0 && temp[i - 1] != '/') {
+        temp[i] = '\0';
+        fat32_mkdir(temp);
+    }
+}
+
+void tar_parse(void *archive, uint64_t archive_size) {
+    uint8_t *ptr = (uint8_t *)archive;
+    uint8_t *end = ptr + archive_size;
+
+    while (ptr + 512 <= end) {
+        struct tar_header *header = (struct tar_header *)ptr;
+
+        // End of archive is marked by empty blocks
+        if (header->filename[0] == '\0') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t file_size = tar_parse_octal(header->size, 11);
+        
+        char full_path[256];
+        // Ensure path starts with a '/' for VFS consistency
+        if (header->filename[0] != '/') {
+            full_path[0] = '/';
+            int j = 0;
+            while (header->filename[j] && j < 254) {
+                full_path[j + 1] = header->filename[j];
+                j++;
+            }
+            full_path[j + 1] = '\0';
+        } else {
+            int j = 0;
+            while (header->filename[j] && j < 255) {
+                full_path[j] = header->filename[j];
+                j++;
+            }
+            full_path[j] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        if (header->typeflag == '5') {
+            // It's a directory
+            tar_mkdir_recursive(full_path);
+        } else if (header->typeflag == '0' || header->typeflag == '\0') {
+            // It's a normal file
+            // First ensure the parent directory exists
+            char parent_path[256];
+            int last_slash = -1;
+            for (int j = 0; full_path[j]; j++) {
+                parent_path[j] = full_path[j];
+                if (full_path[j] == '/') {
+                    last_slash = j;
+                }
+            }
+            if (last_slash > 0) {
+                parent_path[last_slash] = '\0';
+                tar_mkdir_recursive(parent_path);
+            }
+            
+            // Extract the file data block directly into the VFS
+            FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(full_path, "w");
+            if (fh && fh->valid) {
+                fat32_write(fh, ptr + 512, file_size);
+                fat32_close(fh);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Advance pointer to the next file header
+        // Header block (512) + File data (padded to 512-byte multiples)
+        uint64_t data_blocks = (file_size + 511) / 512;
+        ptr += 512 + (data_blocks * 512);
+    }
+}

src/fs/tar.h

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
 // This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
 // This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
-#ifndef LICENSEWR_H
-#define LICENSEWR_H
+#ifndef TAR_H
+#define TAR_H
 
-void write_license_file(void);
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+// Parse a TAR archive located in memory and extract its contents into the current filesystem (fatal32 RAM disk).
+void tar_parse(void *archive, uint64_t archive_size);
 
 #endif

src/fs/vfs.c

@@ -0,0 +1,816 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "memory_manager.h"
+#include "spinlock.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "disk.h"
+#include "process.h"
+
+
+static vfs_mount_t mounts[VFS_MAX_MOUNTS];
+static int mount_count = 0;
+static vfs_file_t open_files[VFS_MAX_OPEN_FILES];
+static spinlock_t vfs_lock = SPINLOCK_INIT;
+
+extern void serial_write(const char *str);
+extern void serial_write_num(uint64_t num);
+
+static int vfs_strlen(const char *s) {
+    int n = 0;
+    while (s[n]) n++;
+    return n;
+}
+
+static void vfs_strcpy(char *d, const char *s) {
+    while ((*d++ = *s++));
+}
+
+static int vfs_strcmp(const char *a, const char *b) {
+    while (*a && *a == *b) { a++; b++; }
+    return (unsigned char)*a - (unsigned char)*b;
+}
+
+static int vfs_strncmp(const char *a, const char *b, int n) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        if (a[i] != b[i]) return (unsigned char)a[i] - (unsigned char)b[i];
+        if (!a[i]) return 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static bool vfs_starts_with(const char *str, const char *prefix) {
+    while (*prefix) {
+        if (*str++ != *prefix++) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool vfs_path_is_parent(const char *parent, const char *child) {
+    int plen = vfs_strlen(parent);
+    if (vfs_strncmp(parent, child, plen) != 0) return false;
+    if (child[plen] == '\0') return true;
+    if (child[plen] == '/') return true;
+    if (plen == 1 && parent[0] == '/') return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
+void vfs_normalize_path(const char *cwd, const char *path, char *normalized) {
+    char parts[32][64]; // Reduced size to save stack, 64 is enough for most names
+    int depth = 0;
+    int i = 0;
+
+    // Handle relative path by starting with CWD
+    if (path[0] != '/' && cwd) {
+        int ci = 0;
+        if (cwd[0] == '/') ci = 1;
+        while (cwd[ci]) {
+            if (cwd[ci] == '/') { ci++; continue; }
+            int j = 0;
+            while (cwd[ci] && cwd[ci] != '/' && j < 63) {
+                parts[depth][j++] = cwd[ci++];
+            }
+            parts[depth][j] = 0;
+            if (j > 0) depth++;
+            if (depth >= 32) break;
+            if (cwd[ci] == '/') ci++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (path[0] == '/') i = 1;
+
+    while (path[i]) {
+        if (path[i] == '/') { i++; continue; }
+
+        int j = 0;
+        while (path[i] && path[i] != '/' && j < 63) {
+            parts[depth][j++] = path[i++];
+        }
+        parts[depth][j] = 0;
+
+        if (parts[depth][0] == '.' && parts[depth][1] == 0) {
+            // "." skip
+        } else if (parts[depth][0] == '.' && parts[depth][1] == '.' && parts[depth][2] == 0) {
+            // ".." pop
+            if (depth > 0) depth--;
+        } else {
+            if (j > 0) {
+                depth++;
+                if (depth >= 32) break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (path[i] == '/') i++;
+    }
+
+    normalized[0] = '/';
+    int pos = 1;
+    for (int k = 0; k < depth; k++) {
+        int l = 0;
+        while (parts[k][l] && pos < VFS_MAX_PATH - 2) {
+            normalized[pos++] = parts[k][l++];
+        }
+        if (k < depth - 1) normalized[pos++] = '/';
+    }
+    normalized[pos] = 0;
+
+    if (pos == 1 && normalized[0] == '/') {
+        normalized[1] = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static vfs_mount_t* vfs_resolve_mount(const char *path, const char **rel_path_out) {
+    vfs_mount_t *best = NULL;
+    int best_len = -1;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (!mounts[i].active) continue;
+
+        int mlen = mounts[i].path_len;
+
+        if (mlen == 1 && mounts[i].path[0] == '/') {
+            if (best_len < 1) {
+                best = &mounts[i];
+                best_len = 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (vfs_strncmp(path, mounts[i].path, mlen) == 0) {
+            if (path[mlen] == '/' || path[mlen] == '\0') {
+                if (mlen > best_len) {
+                    best = &mounts[i];
+                    best_len = mlen;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (best && rel_path_out) {
+        const char *rel = path + best_len;
+        while (*rel == '/') rel++;
+        *rel_path_out = rel;
+    }
+
+    return best;
+}
+
+static vfs_file_t* vfs_alloc_file(void) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < VFS_MAX_OPEN_FILES; i++) {
+        if (!open_files[i].valid) {
+            open_files[i].valid = true;
+            open_files[i].fs_handle = NULL;
+            open_files[i].mount = NULL;
+            open_files[i].position = 0;
+            open_files[i].is_device = false;
+            return &open_files[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void vfs_free_file(vfs_file_t *f) {
+    if (f) {
+        f->valid = false;
+        f->fs_handle = NULL;
+        f->mount = NULL;
+        f->position = 0;
+        f->is_device = false;
+    }
+}
+
+void vfs_init(void) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < VFS_MAX_MOUNTS; i++) {
+        mounts[i].active = false;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < VFS_MAX_OPEN_FILES; i++) {
+        open_files[i].valid = false;
+    }
+    mount_count = 0;
+
+    serial_write("[VFS] Virtual File System initialized\n");
+}
+
+// ===============
+// Mount / Unmount
+// ===============
+
+bool vfs_mount(const char *mount_path, const char *device, const char *fs_type,
+               vfs_fs_ops_t *ops, void *fs_private) {
+    uint64_t flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+
+    if (mount_count >= VFS_MAX_MOUNTS) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+        serial_write("[VFS] ERROR: Mount table full\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (mounts[i].active && vfs_strcmp(mounts[i].path, mount_path) == 0) {
+            spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+            serial_write("[VFS] ERROR: Mount point already in use: ");
+            serial_write(mount_path);
+            serial_write("\n");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    vfs_mount_t *m = &mounts[mount_count];
+    vfs_strcpy(m->path, mount_path);
+    m->path_len = vfs_strlen(mount_path);
+    m->ops = ops;
+    m->fs_private = fs_private;
+    vfs_strcpy(m->device, device ? device : "none");
+    vfs_strcpy(m->fs_type, fs_type ? fs_type : "unknown");
+    m->active = true;
+    mount_count++;
+
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+
+    serial_write("[VFS] Mounted ");
+    serial_write(fs_type);
+    serial_write(" (");
+    serial_write(device ? device : "none");
+    serial_write(") at ");
+    serial_write(mount_path);
+    serial_write("\n");
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool vfs_umount(const char *mount_path) {
+    uint64_t flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (mounts[i].active && vfs_strcmp(mounts[i].path, mount_path) == 0) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < VFS_MAX_OPEN_FILES; j++) {
+                if (open_files[j].valid && open_files[j].mount == &mounts[i]) {
+                    if (mounts[i].ops->close) {
+                        mounts[i].ops->close(mounts[i].fs_private, open_files[j].fs_handle);
+                    }
+                    vfs_free_file(&open_files[j]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            serial_write("[VFS] Unmounted ");
+            serial_write(mounts[i].path);
+            serial_write("\n");
+
+            mounts[i].active = false;
+
+            // Compact array
+            for (int k = i; k < mount_count - 1; k++) {
+                mounts[k] = mounts[k + 1];
+            }
+            mount_count--;
+
+            spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+    return false;
+}
+
+// ==============
+// File Operations
+// ==============
+
+vfs_file_t* vfs_open(const char *path, const char *mode) {
+    if (!path || !mode) return NULL;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    process_t *proc = process_get_current();
+    vfs_normalize_path(proc ? proc->cwd : "/", path, normalized);
+
+    uint64_t flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+    
+    // Fallback for block devices (/dev/sda etc)
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        const char *devname = normalized + 5;
+        Disk *d = disk_get_by_name(devname);
+        if (d && (!mount || mount->path_len == 1)) {
+            vfs_file_t *vf = vfs_alloc_file();
+            if (vf) {
+                vf->mount = &mounts[0];
+                vf->fs_handle = (void*)d; 
+                vf->is_device = true;
+                vf->position = 0;
+                spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+                return vf;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    if (!mount || !mount->ops->open) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') {
+        rel_path = "/";
+    }
+
+    vfs_file_t *vf = vfs_alloc_file();
+    if (!vf) {
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+        serial_write("[VFS] ERROR: No free file handles\n");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    vf->mount = mount;
+
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+
+    void *fs_handle = mount->ops->open(mount->fs_private, rel_path, mode);
+    if (!fs_handle) {
+        flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+        vfs_free_file(vf);
+        spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    vf->fs_handle = fs_handle;
+    return vf;
+}
+
+void vfs_close(vfs_file_t *file) {
+    if (!file || !file->valid) return;
+
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = file->mount;
+    if (mount && mount->ops->close) {
+        mount->ops->close(mount->fs_private, file->fs_handle);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+    vfs_free_file(file);
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags);
+}
+
+int vfs_read(vfs_file_t *file, void *buf, int size) {
+    if (!file || !file->valid || !file->mount) return -1;
+    
+    if (file->is_device) {
+        Disk *d = (Disk*)file->fs_handle;
+        if (!d) return -1;
+        
+        uint32_t total_read = 0;
+        uint32_t sector = (uint32_t)(file->position / 512);
+        uint32_t offset = (uint32_t)(file->position % 512);
+        uint8_t sector_buf[512];
+        
+        while (total_read < (uint32_t)size) {
+            if (sector >= d->total_sectors) break;
+            if (d->read_sector(d, sector, sector_buf) != 0) break;
+            
+            uint32_t to_copy = 512 - offset;
+            if (to_copy > (uint32_t)size - total_read) to_copy = (uint32_t)size - total_read;
+            
+            extern void mem_memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
+            mem_memcpy((uint8_t*)buf + total_read, sector_buf + offset, to_copy);
+            
+            total_read += to_copy;
+            file->position += to_copy;
+            sector++;
+            offset = 0;
+        }
+        return (int)total_read;
+    }
+
+    if (!file->mount->ops->read) return -1;
+    int ret = file->mount->ops->read(file->mount->fs_private, file->fs_handle, buf, size);
+    if (ret > 0) file->position += ret;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int vfs_write(vfs_file_t *file, const void *buf, int size) {
+    if (!file || !file->valid || !file->mount) return -1;
+    if (!file->mount->ops->write) return -1;
+
+    return file->mount->ops->write(file->mount->fs_private, file->fs_handle, buf, size);
+}
+
+int vfs_seek(vfs_file_t *file, int offset, int whence) {
+    if (!file || !file->valid || !file->mount) return -1;
+    
+    if (file->is_device) {
+        Disk *d = (Disk*)file->fs_handle;
+        if (!d) return -1;
+        uint64_t new_pos = file->position;
+        if (whence == 0) new_pos = (uint64_t)offset; // SET
+        else if (whence == 1) new_pos += (uint64_t)offset; // CUR
+        else if (whence == 2) new_pos = (uint64_t)(d->total_sectors * 512 + offset); // END
+        
+        if (new_pos > (uint64_t)d->total_sectors * 512) new_pos = (uint64_t)d->total_sectors * 512;
+        file->position = new_pos;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (!file->mount->ops->seek) return -1;
+    int ret = file->mount->ops->seek(file->mount->fs_private, file->fs_handle, offset, whence);
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        // Sync position back from driver if possible
+        if (file->mount->ops->get_position) {
+            file->position = file->mount->ops->get_position(file->fs_handle);
+        } else {
+            // Manual sync if driver doesn't support get_position but seek succeeded
+            if (whence == 0) file->position = offset;
+            else if (whence == 1) file->position += offset;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+uint32_t vfs_file_position(vfs_file_t *file) {
+    if (!file || !file->valid || !file->mount) return 0;
+    if (file->is_device) return (uint32_t)file->position;
+    if (!file->mount->ops->get_position) return 0;
+    return file->mount->ops->get_position(file->fs_handle);
+}
+
+uint32_t vfs_file_size(vfs_file_t *file) {
+    if (!file || !file->valid || !file->mount) return 0;
+    if (file->is_device) {
+        Disk *d = (Disk*)file->fs_handle;
+        return d ? d->total_sectors * 512 : 0;
+    }
+    if (!file->mount->ops->get_size) return 0;
+    return file->mount->ops->get_size(file->fs_handle);
+}
+
+
+
+int vfs_list_directory(const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max) {
+    if (!path || !entries) return -1;
+    
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+    
+    int count = 0;
+    if (mount && mount->ops->readdir) {
+        if (!rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') rel_path = "/";
+        count = mount->ops->readdir(mount->fs_private, rel_path, entries, max);
+        if (count < 0) count = 0; 
+    }
+
+    uint64_t v_flags = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (!mounts[i].active) continue;
+        if (vfs_strcmp(mounts[i].path, normalized) == 0) continue; 
+
+        if (vfs_path_is_parent(normalized, mounts[i].path)) {
+            const char *sub = mounts[i].path + vfs_strlen(normalized);
+            if (*sub == '/') sub++; 
+
+            if (*sub != '\0') {
+                char comp[VFS_MAX_NAME];
+                int j = 0;
+                while (sub[j] && sub[j] != '/' && j < VFS_MAX_NAME - 1) {
+                    comp[j] = sub[j];
+                    j++;
+                }
+                comp[j] = 0;
+
+                bool found = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < count; k++) {
+                    if (vfs_strcmp(entries[k].name, comp) == 0) {
+                        found = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!found && count < max) {
+                    vfs_strcpy(entries[count].name, comp);
+                    entries[count].is_directory = 1;
+                    entries[count].size = 0;
+                    entries[count].start_cluster = 0;
+                    count++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, v_flags);
+
+    // Special case: Ensure "dev", "sys", "proc" are visible in "/"
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/") == 0) {
+        const char *virtual_dirs[] = {"dev", "sys", "proc"};
+        for (int v = 0; v < 3; v++) {
+            bool found = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                if (vfs_strcmp(entries[i].name, virtual_dirs[v]) == 0) {
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!found && count < max) {
+                vfs_strcpy(entries[count].name, virtual_dirs[v]);
+                entries[count].is_directory = 1;
+                entries[count].size = 0;
+                entries[count].start_cluster = 0;
+                count++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Special case: /dev listing for block devices
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/dev") == 0) {
+        int dcount = disk_get_count();
+        for (int i = 0; i < dcount && count < max; i++) {
+            Disk *d = disk_get_by_index(i);
+            if (d) {
+                bool found = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < count; k++) {
+                    if (vfs_strcmp(entries[k].name, d->devname) == 0) {
+                        found = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!found) {
+                    vfs_strcpy(entries[count].name, d->devname);
+                    entries[count].size = d->total_sectors * 512;
+                    entries[count].is_directory = 0;
+                    entries[count].start_cluster = 0;
+                    entries[count].write_date = 0;
+                    entries[count].write_time = 0;
+                    count++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return count;
+}
+
+bool vfs_mkdir(const char *path) {
+    if (!path) return false;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        if (!mount || !rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') {
+            return false; 
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!mount || !mount->ops->mkdir) return false;
+    return mount->ops->mkdir(mount->fs_private, rel_path);
+}
+
+bool vfs_rmdir(const char *path) {
+    if (!path) return false;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    if (normalized[0] == '/' && normalized[1] == '\0') return false;
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/dev") == 0) return false;
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        if (!mount || !rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') {
+            return false; 
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!mount || !mount->ops->rmdir) return false;
+    return mount->ops->rmdir(mount->fs_private, rel_path);
+}
+
+bool vfs_delete(const char *path) {
+    if (!path) return false;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    if (normalized[0] == '/' && normalized[1] == '\0') return false;
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/dev") == 0) return false;
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        if (!mount || !rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') {
+            return false; 
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!mount || !mount->ops->unlink) return false;
+    return mount->ops->unlink(mount->fs_private, rel_path);
+}
+
+bool vfs_rename(const char *old_path, const char *new_path) {
+    if (!old_path || !new_path) return false;
+
+    char norm_old[VFS_MAX_PATH], norm_new[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", old_path, norm_old);
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", new_path, norm_new);
+
+    const char *rel_old = NULL, *rel_new = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount_old = vfs_resolve_mount(norm_old, &rel_old);
+    vfs_mount_t *mount_new = vfs_resolve_mount(norm_new, &rel_new);
+
+    if (!mount_old || mount_old != mount_new) return false;
+    if (!mount_old->ops->rename) return false;
+
+    if (!rel_old || rel_old[0] == '\0') return false;
+    if (!rel_new || rel_new[0] == '\0') return false;
+
+    return mount_old->ops->rename(mount_old->fs_private, rel_old, rel_new);
+}
+
+bool vfs_exists(const char *path) {
+    if (!path) return false;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    if (normalized[0] == '/' && normalized[1] == '\0') return true;
+
+    uint64_t flags_vfs = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (mounts[i].active && vfs_starts_with(mounts[i].path, normalized)) {
+            spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/dev") == 0 || 
+        vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/sys") == 0 || 
+        vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/proc") == 0) return true;
+
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        const char *dev = normalized + 5;
+        if (disk_get_by_name(dev)) return true;
+    }
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+    if (!mount || !mount->ops->exists) return false;
+
+    if (!rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') return true; 
+
+    return mount->ops->exists(mount->fs_private, rel_path);
+}
+
+bool vfs_is_directory(const char *path) {
+    if (!path) return false;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    if (normalized[0] == '/' && normalized[1] == '\0') return true;
+
+    uint64_t flags_vfs = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (mounts[i].active && vfs_path_is_parent(normalized, mounts[i].path)) {
+            if (vfs_strcmp(mounts[i].path, normalized) == 0) {
+                spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+                return true;
+            }
+            // If normalized is a parent of a mount, it's a virtual directory
+            spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/dev") == 0 || 
+        vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/sys") == 0 || 
+        vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/proc") == 0) return true;
+
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        const char *dev = normalized + 5;
+        Disk *d = disk_get_by_name(dev);
+        if (d) return false;
+    }
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+    if (!mount) return false;
+
+    if (!rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') return true;
+
+    if (!mount->ops->is_dir) return false;
+    return mount->ops->is_dir(mount->fs_private, rel_path);
+}
+
+int vfs_get_info(const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *info) {
+    if (!path || !info) return -1;
+
+    char normalized[VFS_MAX_PATH];
+    vfs_normalize_path("/", path, normalized);
+
+    if (normalized[0] == '/' && normalized[1] == '\0') {
+        vfs_strcpy(info->name, "/");
+        info->size = 0;
+        info->is_directory = 1;
+        info->start_cluster = 0;
+        info->write_date = 0;
+        info->write_time = 0;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/dev") == 0 || 
+        vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/sys") == 0 || 
+        vfs_strcmp(normalized, "/proc") == 0) {
+        const char *name = normalized + 1;
+        vfs_strcpy(info->name, name);
+        info->size = 0;
+        info->is_directory = 1;
+        info->start_cluster = 0;
+        info->write_date = 0;
+        info->write_time = 0;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t flags_vfs = spinlock_acquire_irqsave(&vfs_lock);
+    for (int i = 0; i < mount_count; i++) {
+        if (mounts[i].active && vfs_path_is_parent(normalized, mounts[i].path)) {
+            if (vfs_strcmp(mounts[i].path, normalized) != 0) {
+                const char *p = normalized + vfs_strlen(normalized);
+                while (p > normalized && *(p-1) != '/') p--;
+                vfs_strcpy(info->name, p);
+                info->size = 0;
+                info->is_directory = 1;
+                info->start_cluster = 0;
+                info->write_date = 0;
+                info->write_time = 0;
+                spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    spinlock_release_irqrestore(&vfs_lock, flags_vfs);
+
+    // Device check
+    if (vfs_starts_with(normalized, "/dev/")) {
+        const char *dev = normalized + 5;
+        Disk *d = disk_get_by_name(dev);
+        if (d) {
+            vfs_strcpy(info->name, d->devname);
+            info->size = d->total_sectors * 512;
+            info->is_directory = 0;
+            info->start_cluster = 0;
+            info->write_date = 0;
+            info->write_time = 0;
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const char *rel_path = NULL;
+    vfs_mount_t *mount = vfs_resolve_mount(normalized, &rel_path);
+    if (!mount || !mount->ops->get_info) return -1;
+
+    if (!rel_path || rel_path[0] == '\0') {
+        // Info about mount root
+        vfs_strcpy(info->name, mount->device);
+        info->size = 0;
+        info->is_directory = 1;
+        info->start_cluster = 0;
+        info->write_date = 0;
+        info->write_time = 0;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return mount->ops->get_info(mount->fs_private, rel_path, info);
+}
+
+int vfs_get_mount_count(void) {
+    return mount_count;
+}
+
+vfs_mount_t* vfs_get_mount(int index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= mount_count) return NULL;
+    if (!mounts[index].active) return NULL;
+    return &mounts[index];
+}
+
+void vfs_automount_partition(const char *devname) {
+    char mount_path[64] = "/mnt/";
+    int i = 5;
+    const char *d = devname;
+    while (*d && i < 62) mount_path[i++] = *d++;
+    mount_path[i] = 0;
+
+    serial_write("[VFS] Auto-mount requested for ");
+    serial_write(devname);
+    serial_write(" at ");
+    serial_write(mount_path);
+    serial_write("\n");
+}

src/fs/vfs.h

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
+// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
+// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
+#ifndef VFS_H
+#define VFS_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define VFS_MAX_PATH 1024
+#define VFS_MAX_NAME 256
+#define VFS_MAX_MOUNTS 16
+#define VFS_MAX_OPEN_FILES 64
+
+// Forward declarations
+typedef struct vfs_mount vfs_mount_t;
+typedef struct vfs_file vfs_file_t;
+
+// Directory entry for readdir
+typedef struct vfs_dirent {
+    char name[VFS_MAX_NAME];
+    uint32_t size;
+    uint8_t is_directory;
+    uint32_t start_cluster;
+    uint16_t write_date;
+    uint16_t write_time;
+} vfs_dirent_t;
+
+// Filesystem operations — implemented by each filesystem type
+typedef struct vfs_fs_ops {
+    // File operations — return opaque FS handle
+    void* (*open)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path, const char *mode);
+    void  (*close)(void *fs_private, void *file_handle);
+    int   (*read)(void *fs_private, void *file_handle, void *buf, int size);
+    int   (*write)(void *fs_private, void *file_handle, const void *buf, int size);
+    int   (*seek)(void *fs_private, void *file_handle, int offset, int whence);
+
+    // Directory operations
+    int   (*readdir)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max);
+    bool  (*mkdir)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path);
+    bool  (*rmdir)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path);
+    bool  (*unlink)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path);
+    bool  (*rename)(void *fs_private, const char *old_path, const char *new_path);
+
+    // Query operations
+    bool  (*exists)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path);
+    bool  (*is_dir)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path);
+    int   (*get_info)(void *fs_private, const char *rel_path, vfs_dirent_t *info);
+
+    // Handle info (for backward compat with syscall position/size queries)
+    uint32_t (*get_position)(void *file_handle);
+    uint32_t (*get_size)(void *file_handle);
+} vfs_fs_ops_t;
+
+// VFS file handle
+struct vfs_file {
+    void *fs_handle;        // FS-specific handle (e.g. FAT32_FileHandle*)
+    vfs_mount_t *mount;     // Mount this file belongs to
+    bool valid;
+    uint64_t position;      // Current Seek Position (for raw devices/fallbacks)
+    bool is_device;         // Is this a raw device handle?
+};
+
+// Mount entry
+struct vfs_mount {
+    char path[256];         // Mount point (e.g. "/", "/mnt/sda1")
+    int path_len;
+    vfs_fs_ops_t *ops;
+    void *fs_private;       // FS-specific data (e.g. FAT32_Volume*)
+    char device[32];        // Device name (e.g. "ramfs", "sda1")
+    char fs_type[16];       // "ramfs", "fat32"
+    bool active;
+};
+
+// Initialization
+void vfs_init(void);
+
+// Mount/unmount
+bool vfs_mount(const char *mount_path, const char *device, const char *fs_type,
+               vfs_fs_ops_t *ops, void *fs_private);
+bool vfs_umount(const char *mount_path);
+
+// File operations
+vfs_file_t* vfs_open(const char *path, const char *mode);
+void vfs_close(vfs_file_t *file);
+int vfs_read(vfs_file_t *file, void *buf, int size);
+int vfs_write(vfs_file_t *file, const void *buf, int size);
+int vfs_seek(vfs_file_t *file, int offset, int whence);
+
+// Directory operations
+int vfs_list_directory(const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *entries, int max);
+bool vfs_mkdir(const char *path);
+bool vfs_rmdir(const char *path);
+bool vfs_delete(const char *path);
+bool vfs_rename(const char *old_path, const char *new_path);
+
+// Query operations
+bool vfs_exists(const char *path);
+bool vfs_is_directory(const char *path);
+int vfs_get_info(const char *path, vfs_dirent_t *info);
+
+// Mount enumeration
+int vfs_get_mount_count(void);
+vfs_mount_t* vfs_get_mount(int index);
+
+// Block device auto-mount
+void vfs_automount_partition(const char *devname);
+
+// Path utilities
+void vfs_normalize_path(const char *cwd, const char *path, char *normalized);
+
+// Backward compat: get position/size from vfs_file
+uint32_t vfs_file_position(vfs_file_t *file);
+uint32_t vfs_file_size(vfs_file_t *file);
+
+#endif

src/kernel/disk_manager.c

@@ -1,376 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
-// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
-// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
-#include "disk.h"
-#include "pci.h"
-#include "memory_manager.h"
-#include "io.h"
-#include "wm.h" 
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-#define MAX_DISKS 26
-
-static Disk *disks[MAX_DISKS];
-static int disk_count = 0;
-
-// === ATA Definitions ===
-
-#define ATA_PRIMARY_IO   0x1F0
-#define ATA_PRIMARY_CTRL 0x3F6
-#define ATA_SECONDARY_IO 0x170
-#define ATA_SECONDARY_CTRL 0x376
-
-#define ATA_REG_DATA       0x00
-#define ATA_REG_ERROR      0x01
-#define ATA_REG_FEATURES   0x01
-#define ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0 0x02
-#define ATA_REG_LBA0       0x03
-#define ATA_REG_LBA1       0x04
-#define ATA_REG_LBA2       0x05
-#define ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL   0x06
-#define ATA_REG_COMMAND    0x07
-#define ATA_REG_STATUS     0x07
-
-#define ATA_CMD_READ_PIO   0x20
-#define ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO  0x30
-#define ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY   0xEC
-
-#define ATA_SR_BSY     0x80    // Busy
-#define ATA_SR_DRDY    0x40    // Drive ready
-#define ATA_SR_DF      0x20    // Drive write fault
-#define ATA_SR_DSC     0x10    // Drive seek complete
-#define ATA_SR_DRQ     0x08    // Data request ready
-#define ATA_SR_CORR    0x04    // Corrected data
-#define ATA_SR_IDX     0x02    // Index
-#define ATA_SR_ERR     0x01    // Error
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint16_t port_base;
-    bool slave;
-} ATADriverData;
-
-// === Helpers ===
-
-static void dm_strcpy(char *dest, const char *src) {
-    while (*src) *dest++ = *src++;
-    *dest = 0;
-}
-
-void disk_register(Disk *disk);
-
-
-static int ramdisk_read(Disk *disk, uint32_t sector, uint8_t *buffer) {
-    (void)disk; (void)sector; (void)buffer;
-    return 0; 
-}
-
-static int ramdisk_write(Disk *disk, uint32_t sector, const uint8_t *buffer) {
-    (void)disk; (void)sector; (void)buffer;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-static void ata_wait_bsy(uint16_t port_base) {
-    while (inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_BSY);
-}
-
-static void ata_wait_drq(uint16_t port_base) {
-    while (!(inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ));
-}
-
-// Returns 1 if drive exists, 0 otherwise
-static int ata_identify(uint16_t port_base, bool slave) {
-    // Select Drive
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, slave ? 0xB0 : 0xA0);
-    // Zero out sector count and LBA registers
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, 0);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA0, 0);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA1, 0);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA2, 0);
-    
-    // Send Identify command
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY);
-    
-    // Check if status is 0 (no drive)
-    uint8_t status = inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS);
-    if (status == 0) return 0;
-    
-    // Wait until BSY clears
-    int timeout = 10000;
-    while ((inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_BSY) && --timeout > 0) {
-        status = inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS);
-        if (status == 0) return 0; // Check again
-    }
-    if (timeout <= 0) return 0; // Hardware didn't respond
-    
-    // Check for error
-    if (inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_ERR) {
-        return 0; // Error, likely not ATA
-    }
-    
-    // Wait for DRQ or ERR
-    while (!(inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & (ATA_SR_DRQ | ATA_SR_ERR)));
-    
-    if (inb(port_base + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_ERR) return 0;
-
-    // Read 256 words (512 bytes) of identity data
-    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-        uint16_t data = inw(port_base + ATA_REG_DATA);
-        (void)data;
-    }
-    
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int ata_read_sector(Disk *disk, uint32_t lba, uint8_t *buffer) {
-    ATADriverData *data = (ATADriverData*)disk->driver_data;
-    uint16_t port_base = data->port_base;
-    bool slave = data->slave;
-    
-    ata_wait_bsy(port_base);
-    
-    // Select drive and send highest 4 bits of LBA
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, 0xE0 | (slave << 4) | ((lba >> 24) & 0x0F));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_FEATURES, 0x00);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, 1);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA0, (uint8_t)(lba));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA1, (uint8_t)(lba >> 8));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA2, (uint8_t)(lba >> 16));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_READ_PIO);
-    
-    ata_wait_bsy(port_base);
-    ata_wait_drq(port_base);
-    
-    uint16_t *ptr = (uint16_t*)buffer;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-        ptr[i] = inw(port_base + ATA_REG_DATA);
-    }
-    
-    return 0; // Success
-}
-
-static int ata_write_sector(Disk *disk, uint32_t lba, const uint8_t *buffer) {
-    ATADriverData *data = (ATADriverData*)disk->driver_data;
-    uint16_t port_base = data->port_base;
-    bool slave = data->slave;
-    
-    ata_wait_bsy(port_base);
-    
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, 0xE0 | (slave << 4) | ((lba >> 24) & 0x0F));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_FEATURES, 0x00);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, 1);
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA0, (uint8_t)(lba));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA1, (uint8_t)(lba >> 8));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_LBA2, (uint8_t)(lba >> 16));
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO);
-    
-    ata_wait_bsy(port_base);
-    ata_wait_drq(port_base);
-    
-    const uint16_t *ptr = (const uint16_t*)buffer;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-        outw(port_base + ATA_REG_DATA, ptr[i]);
-    }
-    
-    // Flush / Sync
-    outb(port_base + ATA_REG_COMMAND, 0xE7); // Cache Flush
-    ata_wait_bsy(port_base);
-    
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-char disk_get_next_free_letter(void) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DISKS; i++) {
-        char letter = 'A' + i;
-        bool used = false;
-        for (int j = 0; j < disk_count; j++) {
-            if (disks[j]->letter == letter) {
-                used = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (!used) return letter;
-    }
-    return 0; // No free letters
-}
-
-void disk_register(Disk *disk) {
-    if (disk_count >= MAX_DISKS) return;
-    
-    // Ensure letter is unique
-    if (disk->letter == 0) {
-        disk->letter = disk_get_next_free_letter();
-    }
-    
-    disks[disk_count++] = disk;
-}
-
-void disk_manager_init(void) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DISKS; i++) {
-        disks[i] = NULL;
-    }
-    disk_count = 0;
-
-    // Register A: (Ramdisk)
-    Disk *ramdisk = (Disk*)kmalloc(sizeof(Disk));
-    ramdisk->letter = 'A';
-    ramdisk->type = DISK_TYPE_RAM;
-    ramdisk->is_fat32 = true; // Ramdisk is always formatted
-    dm_strcpy(ramdisk->name, "RAM");
-    ramdisk->read_sector = ramdisk_read;
-    ramdisk->write_sector = ramdisk_write;
-    ramdisk->driver_data = NULL;
-    ramdisk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
-    
-    disk_register(ramdisk);
-}
-
-Disk* disk_get_by_letter(char letter) {
-    // Uppercase
-    if (letter >= 'a' && letter <= 'z') letter -= 32;
-    
-    for (int i = 0; i < disk_count; i++) {
-        if (disks[i]->letter == letter) {
-            return disks[i];
-        }
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-int disk_get_count(void) {
-    return disk_count;
-}
-
-Disk* disk_get_by_index(int index) {
-    if (index < 0 || index >= disk_count) return NULL;
-    return disks[index];
-}
-
-
-// === MBR Partition Table Structures ===
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint8_t  status;           // 0x80 = bootable, 0x00 = inactive
-    uint8_t  chs_first[3];    // CHS of first sector
-    uint8_t  type;             // Partition type
-    uint8_t  chs_last[3];     // CHS of last sector
-    uint32_t lba_start;        // LBA of first sector
-    uint32_t sector_count;     // Number of sectors
-} __attribute__((packed)) MBR_PartitionEntry;
-
-// FAT32 partition type codes
-#define PART_TYPE_FAT32     0x0B
-#define PART_TYPE_FAT32_LBA 0x0C
-
-// Check if sector contains a valid FAT32 BPB (Volume Boot Record)
-static bool is_fat32_bpb(const uint8_t *sector) {
-    // Must have 0xAA55 boot signature
-    if (sector[510] != 0x55 || sector[511] != 0xAA) return false;
-    
-    // Check for FAT32 filesystem string at offset 82
-    // "FAT32   " in the fs_type field of the BPB
-    if (sector[82] == 'F' && sector[83] == 'A' && sector[84] == 'T' &&
-        sector[85] == '3' && sector[86] == '2') {
-        return true;
-    }
-    
-    // Also accept if bytes_per_sector is 512 and sectors_per_fat_16 is 0
-    // (FAT32 always has sectors_per_fat_16 == 0)
-    uint16_t bps = *(uint16_t*)&sector[11];
-    uint16_t spf16 = *(uint16_t*)&sector[22];
-    uint32_t spf32 = *(uint32_t*)&sector[36];
-    if (bps == 512 && spf16 == 0 && spf32 > 0) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    
-    return false;
-}
-
-// Parse MBR partition table and find a FAT32 partition.
-// Sets disk->partition_lba_offset and returns true if found.
-static bool detect_fat32_partition(Disk *disk) {
-    uint8_t *buffer = (uint8_t*)kmalloc(512);
-    if (!buffer) return false;
-    
-    // Read sector 0 (MBR or raw BPB)
-    if (disk->read_sector(disk, 0, buffer) != 0) {
-        kfree(buffer);
-        return false;
-    }
-    
-    // Must have 0xAA55 boot signature
-    if (buffer[510] != 0x55 || buffer[511] != 0xAA) {
-        kfree(buffer);
-        return false;
-    }
-    
-    // Check MBR partition table entries (4 entries at offset 446)
-    MBR_PartitionEntry *partitions = (MBR_PartitionEntry*)&buffer[446];
-    
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-        if (partitions[i].type == PART_TYPE_FAT32 ||
-            partitions[i].type == PART_TYPE_FAT32_LBA) {
-            
-            uint32_t part_lba = partitions[i].lba_start;
-            
-            // Read the partition's first sector to verify it's a valid FAT32 BPB
-            uint8_t *pbuf = (uint8_t*)kmalloc(512);
-            if (!pbuf) { kfree(buffer); return false; }
-            
-            if (disk->read_sector(disk, part_lba, pbuf) == 0 && is_fat32_bpb(pbuf)) {
-                disk->partition_lba_offset = part_lba;
-                kfree(pbuf);
-                kfree(buffer);
-                return true;
-            }
-            kfree(pbuf);
-        }
-    }
-    
-    // Fallback: check if sector 0 itself is a raw FAT32 BPB (no partition table)
-    if (is_fat32_bpb(buffer)) {
-        disk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
-        kfree(buffer);
-        return true;
-    }
-    
-    kfree(buffer);
-    return false;
-}
-
-static void try_add_ata_drive(uint16_t port, bool slave, const char *name) {
-    if (ata_identify(port, slave)) {
-        Disk *new_disk = (Disk*)kmalloc(sizeof(Disk));
-        if (!new_disk) return;
-        
-        ATADriverData *data = (ATADriverData*)kmalloc(sizeof(ATADriverData));
-        data->port_base = port;
-        data->slave = slave;
-        
-        new_disk->letter = 0; // Auto-assign
-        new_disk->type = DISK_TYPE_IDE;
-        dm_strcpy(new_disk->name, name);
-        new_disk->read_sector = ata_read_sector;
-        new_disk->write_sector = ata_write_sector;
-        new_disk->driver_data = data;
-        new_disk->partition_lba_offset = 0;
-        
-        // Detect FAT32 (with MBR partition support)
-        if (detect_fat32_partition(new_disk)) {
-            new_disk->is_fat32 = true;
-            disk_register(new_disk);
-        } else {
-            kfree(data);
-            kfree(new_disk);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void disk_manager_scan(void) {
-    // Probe Standard ATA Ports
-    try_add_ata_drive(ATA_PRIMARY_IO, false, "IDE1");
-    try_add_ata_drive(ATA_PRIMARY_IO, true, "IDE2");
-    try_add_ata_drive(ATA_SECONDARY_IO, false, "IDE3");
-    try_add_ata_drive(ATA_SECONDARY_IO, true, "IDE4");
-}

src/kernel/e1000_netif.h

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef E1000_NETIF_H
-#define E1000_NETIF_H
-
-#include "lwip/netif.h"
-
-err_t e1000_netif_init(struct netif *netif);
-void e1000_netif_poll(struct netif *netif);
-
-#endif

src/kernel/font_manager.c

@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-#define STB_TRUETYPE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "memory_manager.h"
-#include "font_manager.h"
-#include "stb_truetype.h"
-#include "fat32.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-// Simple math implementations for stb_truetype
-float ksqrtf(float x) {
-    float res;
-    asm volatile("sqrtss %1, %0" : "=x"(res) : "x"(x));
-    return res;
-}
-
-float kfabsf(float x) {
-    return (x < 0) ? -x : x;
-}
-
-float kpowf(float b, float e) {
-    // Very simplified pow for stb_truetype's needs
-    if (e == 0) return 1.0f;
-    if (e == 1) return b;
-    if (e == 0.5f) return ksqrtf(b);
-    
-    // Fallback/log-based would be complex, let's see if this suffices
-    float res = 1.0f;
-    for (int i = 0; i < (int)e; i++) res *= b;
-    return res;
-}
-
-float kfmodf(float x, float y) {
-    return x - (int)(x / y) * y;
-}
-
-float kcosf(float x) {
-    // Taylor series for cos(x) around 0
-    float x2 = x * x;
-    return 1.0f - (x2 / 2.0f) + (x2 * x2 / 24.0f) - (x2 * x2 * x2 / 720.0f);
-}
-
-float kacosf(float x) {
-    // Very rough approximation for acos(x)
-    if (x >= 1.0f) return 0;
-    if (x <= -1.0f) return 3.14159f;
-    return 1.57079f - x - (x*x*x)/6.0f;
-}
-
-extern void serial_write(const char *s);
-extern uint32_t graphics_get_pixel(int x, int y);
-
-static inline uint32_t alpha_blend(uint32_t bg, uint32_t fg, uint8_t alpha) {
-    if (alpha == 0) return bg;
-    if (alpha == 255) return fg;
-    
-    uint32_t rb = (((fg & 0xFF00FF) * alpha) + ((bg & 0xFF00FF) * (255 - alpha))) >> 8;
-    uint32_t g = (((fg & 0x00FF00) * alpha) + ((bg & 0x00FF00) * (255 - alpha))) >> 8;
-    return (rb & 0xFF00FF) | (g & 0x00FF00);
-}
-
-static ttf_font_t *default_font = NULL;
-
-#define FONT_CACHE_SIZE 2048
-typedef struct {
-    char c;
-    float pixel_height;
-    int w, h, xoff, yoff;
-    unsigned char *bitmap;
-} font_cache_entry_t;
-
-// Cache is disabled for now due to race conditions and collisions
-// static font_cache_entry_t g_font_cache[FONT_CACHE_SIZE];
-
-bool font_manager_init(void) {
-    // We'll load a default font later if available
-    return true;
-}
-
-ttf_font_t* font_manager_load(const char *path, float size) {
-    FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "r");
-    if (!fh || !fh->valid) {
-        serial_write("[FONT] Failed to open font file: ");
-        serial_write(path);
-        serial_write("\n");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t fsize = fh->size;
-    unsigned char *buffer = kmalloc(fsize);
-    if (!buffer) {
-        fat32_close(fh);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    int read = fat32_read(fh, buffer, fsize);
-    fat32_close(fh);
-
-    ttf_font_t *font = kmalloc(sizeof(ttf_font_t));
-    if (!font) {
-        kfree(buffer);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    stbtt_fontinfo *info = kmalloc(sizeof(stbtt_fontinfo));
-    if (!info) {
-        kfree(buffer);
-        kfree(font);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!stbtt_InitFont(info, buffer, 0)) {
-        serial_write("[FONT] Failed to init font: ");
-        serial_write(path);
-        serial_write("\n");
-        kfree(info);
-        kfree(buffer);
-        kfree(font);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    font->data = buffer;
-    font->size = fsize;
-    font->info = info;
-    font->pixel_height = size;
-    font->scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(info, size);
-    
-    stbtt_GetFontVMetrics(info, &font->ascent, &font->descent, &font->line_gap);
-
-    if (!default_font) default_font = font;
-
-    return font;
-}
-
-void font_manager_render_char(ttf_font_t *font, int x, int y, char c, uint32_t color, void (*put_pixel_fn)(int, int, uint32_t)) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font) return;
-    font_manager_render_char_scaled(font, x, y, c, color, font->pixel_height, put_pixel_fn);
-}
-
-void font_manager_render_char_scaled(ttf_font_t *font, int x, int y, char c, uint32_t color, float scale, void (*put_pixel_fn)(int, int, uint32_t)) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font) return;
-
-    stbtt_fontinfo *info = (stbtt_fontinfo *)font->info;
-    
-    unsigned char *bitmap = NULL;
-    int w, h, xoff, yoff;
-    
-    float real_scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(info, scale); // Convert pixel size back to stbtt scale
-    
-    int codepoint = (unsigned char)c;
-    if (codepoint == 128) codepoint = 0x2014; // &mdash; (—)
-    if (codepoint == 129) codepoint = 0x2013; // &ndash; (–)
-    if (codepoint == 130) codepoint = 0x2022; // &bull; (•)
-    if (codepoint == 131) codepoint = 0x2026; // &hellip; (…)
-    if (codepoint == 132) codepoint = 0x2122; // &trade; (™)
-    if (codepoint == 133) codepoint = 0x20AC; // &euro; (€)
-    if (codepoint == 134) codepoint = 0x00B7; // &middot; (·)
-    
-    bitmap = stbtt_GetCodepointBitmap(info, 0, real_scale, codepoint, &w, &h, &xoff, &yoff);
-
-    if (bitmap) {
-        for (int row = 0; row < h; row++) {
-            for (int col = 0; col < w; col++) {
-                unsigned char alpha = bitmap[row * w + col];
-                if (alpha > 0) {
-                    int px = x + col + xoff;
-                    int py = y + row + yoff;
-                    uint32_t bg = graphics_get_pixel(px, py);
-                    put_pixel_fn(px, py, alpha_blend(bg, color, alpha));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        stbtt_FreeBitmap(bitmap, NULL);
-    }
-}
-
-int font_manager_get_string_width(ttf_font_t *font, const char *s) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font) return 0;
-    return font_manager_get_string_width_scaled(font, s, font->pixel_height);
-}
-
-int font_manager_get_font_height_scaled(ttf_font_t *font, float scale) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font) return 0;
-    float real_scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight((stbtt_fontinfo *)font->info, scale);
-    return (int)((font->ascent - font->descent) * real_scale);
-}
-
-int font_manager_get_font_ascent_scaled(ttf_font_t *font, float scale) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font) return 0;
-    float real_scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight((stbtt_fontinfo *)font->info, scale);
-    return (int)(font->ascent * real_scale);
-}
-
-int font_manager_get_font_line_height_scaled(ttf_font_t *font, float scale) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font) return 0;
-    float real_scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight((stbtt_fontinfo *)font->info, scale);
-    return (int)((font->ascent - font->descent + font->line_gap) * real_scale);
-}
-
-int font_manager_get_string_width_scaled(ttf_font_t *font, const char *s, float scale) {
-    if (!font) font = default_font;
-    if (!font || !s) return 0;
-
-    stbtt_fontinfo *info = (stbtt_fontinfo *)font->info;
-    float real_scale = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(info, scale);
-    int width = 0;
-    while (*s) {
-        int advance, lsb;
-        int codepoint = (unsigned char)*s;
-        if (codepoint == 128) codepoint = 0x2014; // &mdash; (—)
-        if (codepoint == 129) codepoint = 0x2013; // &ndash; (–)
-        if (codepoint == 130) codepoint = 0x2022; // &bull; (•)
-        if (codepoint == 131) codepoint = 0x2026; // &hellip; (…)
-        if (codepoint == 132) codepoint = 0x2122; // &trade; (™)
-        if (codepoint == 133) codepoint = 0x20AC; // &euro; (€)
-        if (codepoint == 134) codepoint = 0x00B7; // &middot; (·)
-        stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(info, codepoint, &advance, &lsb);
-        // Round per-character to match draw_string's accumulation
-        width += (int)(advance * real_scale + 0.5f);
-        s++;
-    }
-    return width;
-}

src/kernel/gdt.c

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2023-2026 Chris (boreddevnl)
-// This software is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE file for details.
-// This header needs to maintain in any file it is present in, as per the GPL license terms.
-#include "gdt.h"
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include "memory_manager.h"
-
-static void *gdt_memset(void *s, int c, size_t n) {
-    uint8_t *p = (uint8_t *)s;
-    while (n--) {
-        *p++ = (uint8_t)c;
-    }
-    return s;
-}
-
-#define GDT_ENTRIES 7
-
-struct gdt_entry gdt[GDT_ENTRIES];
-struct gdt_ptr gdtr;
-struct tss_entry tss;
-
-extern void gdt_flush(uint64_t);
-extern void tss_flush(void);
-
-static void gdt_set_gate(int num, uint32_t base, uint32_t limit, uint8_t access, uint8_t gran) {
-    gdt[num].base_low = (base & 0xFFFF);
-    gdt[num].base_middle = (base >> 16) & 0xFF;
-    gdt[num].base_high = (base >> 24) & 0xFF;
-
-    gdt[num].limit_low = (limit & 0xFFFF);
-    gdt[num].granularity = ((limit >> 16) & 0x0F);
-
-    gdt[num].granularity |= (gran & 0xF0);
-    gdt[num].access = access;
-}
-
-static void gdt_set_tss_gate(int num, uint64_t base, uint32_t limit, uint8_t access, uint8_t gran) {
-    // A TSS entry in x86_64 is 16 bytes (takes up 2 adjacent GDT entries)
-    struct {
-        uint16_t limit_low;
-        uint16_t base_low;
-        uint8_t  base_middle;
-        uint8_t  access;
-        uint8_t  granularity;
-        uint8_t  base_high;
-        uint32_t base_upper;
-        uint32_t reserved;
-    } __attribute__((packed)) *tss_desc = (void*)&gdt[num];
-
-    tss_desc->base_low = (base & 0xFFFF);
-    tss_desc->base_middle = (base >> 16) & 0xFF;
-    tss_desc->base_high = (base >> 24) & 0xFF;
-    tss_desc->base_upper = (base >> 32);
-
-    tss_desc->limit_low = (limit & 0xFFFF);
-    tss_desc->granularity = ((limit >> 16) & 0x0F);
-
-    tss_desc->granularity |= (gran & 0xF0);
-    tss_desc->access = access;
-    tss_desc->reserved = 0;
-}
-
-void tss_set_stack(uint64_t kernel_stack) {
-    tss.rsp0 = kernel_stack;
-}
-
-void gdt_init(void) {
-    gdtr.limit = (sizeof(struct gdt_entry) * GDT_ENTRIES) - 1;
-    gdtr.base = (uint64_t)&gdt;
-
-    // NULL segment
-    gdt_set_gate(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-
-    // Kernel Code segment (Ring 0, 64-bit)
-    // 0x9A: Present(1), Ring(0), System(1), Executable(1), DirConforming(0), Readable(1), Accessed(0)
-    // 0xAF: Long Mode (64-bit) (L=1, DB=0)
-    gdt_set_gate(1, 0, 0, 0x9A, 0xAF);
-
-    // Kernel Data segment (Ring 0)
-    // 0x92: Present(1), Ring(0), System(1), Executable(0), DirExpandDown(0), Writable(1), Accessed(0)
-    gdt_set_gate(2, 0, 0, 0x92, 0xAF);
-
-    // User Data segment (Ring 3)
-    // 0xF2: Present(1), Ring(3), System(1), Executable(0), DirExpandDown(0), Writable(1), Accessed(0)
-    gdt_set_gate(3, 0, 0, 0xF2, 0xAF);
-
-    // User Code segment (Ring 3, 64-bit)
-    // 0xFA: Present(1), Ring(3), System(1), Executable(1), DirConforming(0), Readable(1), Accessed(0)
-    // 0xAF: Long Mode (64-bit)
-    gdt_set_gate(4, 0, 0, 0xFA, 0xAF);
-
-    // TSS segment (takes entries 5 and 6 technically because it's 16 bytes)
-    gdt_memset(&tss, 0, sizeof(struct tss_entry));
-    tss.iopb_offset = sizeof(struct tss_entry);
-    
-    // Allocate a default Ring 0 interrupt stack in case an interrupt fires early or 
-    // the scheduler hasn't set one up yet for a task.
-    void* initial_tss_stack = kmalloc_aligned(4096, 4096);
-    if (initial_tss_stack) {
-        tss.rsp0 = (uint64_t)initial_tss_stack + 4096;
-    }
-    
-    gdt_set_tss_gate(5, (uint64_t)&tss, sizeof(struct tss_entry) - 1, 0x89, 0x00);
-
-    gdt_flush((uint64_t)&gdtr);
-    tss_flush();
-}